Hibernate.orgCommunity Documentation

Hibernate Developer Guide

The Hibernate Team

The JBoss Visual Design Team

4.2.21.Final

Copyright © 2011 Red Hat, Inc.

2015-10-23

Table of Contents

Preface
1. Get Involved
2. Getting Started Guide
1. Database access
1.1. Connecting
1.1.1. Configuration
1.1.2. Obtaining a JDBC connection
1.2. Connection pooling
1.2.1. c3p0 connection pool
1.2.2. Proxool connection pool
1.2.3. Obtaining connections from an application server, using JNDI
1.2.4. Other connection-specific configuration
1.2.5. Optional configuration properties
1.3. Dialects
1.3.1. Specifying the Dialect to use
1.3.2. Dialect resolution
1.4. Automatic schema generation with SchemaExport
1.4.1. Customizing the mapping files
1.4.2. Running the SchemaExport tool
2. Transactions and concurrency control
2.1. Defining Transaction
2.2. Physical Transactions
2.2.1. Physical Transactions - JDBC
2.2.2. Physical Transactions - JTA
2.2.3. Physical Transactions - CMT
2.2.4. Physical Transactions - Custom
2.2.5. Physical Transactions - Legacy
2.3. Hibernate Transaction Usage
2.4. Transactional patterns (and anti-patterns)
2.4.1. Session-per-operation anti-pattern
2.4.2. Session-per-request pattern
2.4.3. Conversations
2.4.4. Session-per-application
2.5. Object identity
2.6. Common issues
3. Persistence Contexts
3.1. Making entities persistent
3.2. Deleting entities
3.3. Obtain an entity reference without initializing its data
3.4. Obtain an entity with its data initialized
3.5. Obtain an entity by natural-id
3.6. Refresh entity state
3.7. Modifying managed/persistent state
3.8. Working with detached data
3.8.1. Reattaching detached data
3.8.2. Merging detached data
3.9. Checking persistent state
3.10. Accessing Hibernate APIs from JPA
4. Batch Processing
4.1. Batch inserts
4.2. Batch updates
4.3. StatelessSession
4.4. Hibernate Query Language for DML
4.4.1. HQL for UPDATE and DELETE
4.4.2. HQL syntax for INSERT
4.4.3. More information on HQL
5. Locking
5.1. Optimistic
5.1.1. Dedicated version number
5.1.2. Timestamp
5.2. Pessimistic
5.2.1. The LockMode class
6. Caching
6.1. The query cache
6.1.1. Query cache regions
6.2. Second-level cache providers
6.2.1. Configuring your cache providers
6.2.2. Caching strategies
6.2.3. Second-level cache providers for Hibernate
6.3. Managing the cache
6.3.1. Moving items into and out of the cache
7. Services
7.1. What are services?
7.2. Service contracts
7.3. Service dependencies
7.3.1. @org.hibernate.service.spi.InjectService
7.3.2. org.hibernate.service.spi.ServiceRegistryAwareService
7.4. ServiceRegistry
7.5. Standard services
7.5.1. org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.batch.spi.BatchBuilder
7.5.2. org.hibernate.service.config.spi.ConfigurationService
7.5.3. org.hibernate.service.jdbc.connections.spi.ConnectionProvider
7.5.4. org.hibernate.service.jdbc.dialect.spi.DialectFactory
7.5.5. org.hibernate.service.jdbc.dialect.spi.DialectResolver
7.5.6. org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.spi.JdbcServices
7.5.7. org.hibernate.service.jmx.spi.JmxService
7.5.8. org.hibernate.service.jndi.spi.JndiService
7.5.9. org.hibernate.service.jta.platform.spi.JtaPlatform
7.5.10. org.hibernate.service.jdbc.connections.spi.MultiTenantConnectionProvider
7.5.11. org.hibernate.persister.spi.PersisterClassResolver
7.5.12. org.hibernate.persister.spi.PersisterFactory
7.5.13. org.hibernate.cache.spi.RegionFactory
7.5.14. org.hibernate.service.spi.SessionFactoryServiceRegistryFactory
7.5.15. org.hibernate.stat.Statistics
7.5.16. org.hibernate.engine.transaction.spi.TransactionFactory
7.5.17. org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.ImportSqlCommandExtractor
7.6. Custom services
7.7. Special service registries
7.7.1. Boot-strap registry
7.7.2. SessionFactory registry
7.8. Using services and registries
7.9. Integrators
7.9.1. Integrator use-cases
8. Data categorizations
8.1. Value types
8.1.1. Basic types
8.1.2. National Character Types
8.1.3. Composite types
8.1.4. Collection types
8.2. Entity Types
8.3. Implications of different data categorizations
9. Mapping entities
9.1. Hierarchies
10. Mapping associations
11. HQL and JPQL
11.1. Case Sensitivity
11.2. Statement types
11.2.1. Select statements
11.2.2. Update statements
11.2.3. Delete statements
11.2.4. Insert statements
11.3. The FROM clause
11.3.1. Identification variables
11.3.2. Root entity references
11.3.3. Explicit joins
11.3.4. Implicit joins (path expressions)
11.3.5. Collection member references
11.3.6. Polymorphism
11.4. Expressions
11.4.1. Identification variable
11.4.2. Path expressions
11.4.3. Literals
11.4.4. Parameters
11.4.5. Arithmetic
11.4.6. Concatenation (operation)
11.4.7. Aggregate functions
11.4.8. Scalar functions
11.4.9. Collection-related expressions
11.4.10. Entity type
11.4.11. CASE expressions
11.5. The SELECT clause
11.6. Predicates
11.6.1. Relational comparisons
11.6.2. Nullness predicate
11.6.3. Like predicate
11.6.4. Between predicate
11.6.5. In predicate
11.6.6. Exists predicate
11.6.7. Empty collection predicate
11.6.8. Member-of collection predicate
11.6.9. NOT predicate operator
11.6.10. AND predicate operator
11.6.11. OR predicate operator
11.7. The WHERE clause
11.8. Grouping
11.9. Ordering
11.10. Query API
12. Criteria
12.1. Typed criteria queries
12.1.1. Selecting an entity
12.1.2. Selecting an expression
12.1.3. Selecting multiple values
12.1.4. Selecting a wrapper
12.2. Tuple criteria queries
12.3. FROM clause
12.3.1. Roots
12.3.2. Joins
12.3.3. Fetches
12.4. Path expressions
12.5. Using parameters
13. Native SQL Queries
13.1. Using a SQLQuery
13.1.1. Scalar queries
13.1.2. Entity queries
13.1.3. Handling associations and collections
13.1.4. Returning multiple entities
13.1.5. Returning non-managed entities
13.1.6. Handling inheritance
13.1.7. Parameters
13.2. Named SQL queries
13.2.1. Using return-property to explicitly specify column/alias names
13.2.2. Using stored procedures for querying
13.3. Custom SQL for create, update and delete
13.4. Custom SQL for loading
14. JMX
15. Envers
15.1. Basics
15.2. Configuration
15.3. Additional mapping annotations
15.4. Choosing an audit strategy
15.5. Revision Log
15.5.1. Tracking entity names modified during revisions
15.6. Tracking entity changes at property level
15.7. Queries
15.7.1. Querying for entities of a class at a given revision
15.7.2. Querying for revisions, at which entities of a given class changed
15.7.3. Querying for revisions of entity that modified given property
15.7.4. Querying for entities modified in a given revision
15.8. Conditional auditing
15.9. Understanding the Envers Schema
15.10. Generating schema with Ant
15.11. Mapping exceptions
15.11.1. What isn't and will not be supported
15.11.2. What isn't and will be supported
15.11.3. @OneToMany+@JoinColumn
15.12. Advanced: Audit table partitioning
15.12.1. Benefits of audit table partitioning
15.12.2. Suitable columns for audit table partitioning
15.12.3. Audit table partitioning example
15.13. Envers links
16. Multi-tenancy
16.1. What is multi-tenancy?
16.2. Multi-tenant data approaches
16.2.1. Separate database
16.2.2. Separate schema
16.2.3. Partitioned (discriminator) data
16.3. Multi-tenancy in Hibernate
16.3.1. MultiTenantConnectionProvider
16.3.2. CurrentTenantIdentifierResolver
16.3.3. Caching
16.3.4. Odds and ends
16.4. Strategies for MultiTenantConnectionProvider implementors
17. OSGi
17.1. OSGi Specification and Environment
17.2. hibernate-osgi
17.3. Container-Managed JPA
17.3.1. Client bundle imports
17.3.2. DataSource
17.3.3. Bundle Ordering
17.3.4. Obtaining an EntityManger
17.4. Unmanaged JPA
17.4.1. Client bundle imports
17.4.2. Bundle Ordering
17.4.3. Obtaining an EntityMangerFactory
17.5. Unmanaged Native
17.5.1. Client bundle imports
17.5.2. Bundle Ordering
17.5.3. Obtaining an SessionFactory
17.6. Optional Modules
17.7. Extension Points
17.8. Caveats
A. Configuration properties
A.1. General Configuration
A.2. Database configuration
A.3. Connection pool properties
B. Legacy Hibernate Criteria Queries
B.1. Creating a Criteria instance
B.2. Narrowing the result set
B.3. Ordering the results
B.4. Associations
B.5. Dynamic association fetching
B.6. Components
B.7. Collections
B.8. Example queries
B.9. Projections, aggregation and grouping
B.10. Detached queries and subqueries
B.11. Queries by natural identifier

List of Tables

1.1. Important configuration properties for the Proxool connection pool
1.2. Supported database dialects
1.3. Elements and attributes provided for customizing mapping files
1.4. SchemaExport Options
6.1. Possible values for Shared Cache Mode
8.1. Basic Type Mappings
8.2. National Character Type Mappings
13.1. Alias injection names
15.1. Envers Configuration Properties
15.2. Salaries table
15.3. Salaries - audit table
A.1. JDBC properties
A.2. Cache Properties
A.3. Transactions properties
A.4. Miscellaneous properties
A.5. Proxool connection pool properties

List of Examples

1.1. hibernate.properties for a c3p0 connection pool
1.2. hibernate.cfg.xml for a connection to the bundled HSQL database
1.3. Specifying the mapping files directly
1.4. Letting Hibernate find the mapping files for you
1.5. Specifying configuration properties
1.6. Specifying configuration properties
1.7. SchemaExport syntax
1.8. Embedding SchemaExport into your application
2.1. Database identity
2.2. JVM identity
3.1. Example of making an entity persistent
3.2. Example of deleting an entity
3.3. Example of obtaining an entity reference without initializing its data
3.4. Example of obtaining an entity reference with its data initialized
3.5. Example of simple natural-id access
3.6. Example of natural-id access
3.7. Example of refreshing entity state
3.8. Example of modifying managed state
3.9. Example of reattaching a detached entity
3.10. Visualizing merge
3.11. Example of merging a detached entity
3.12. Examples of verifying managed state
3.13. Examples of verifying laziness
3.14. Alternative JPA means to verify laziness
3.15. Usage of EntityManager.unwrap
4.1. Naive way to insert 100000 lines with Hibernate
4.2. Flushing and clearing the Session
4.3. Using scroll()
4.4. Using a StatelessSession
4.5. Psuedo-syntax for UPDATE and DELETE statements using HQL
4.6. Executing an HQL UPDATE, using the Query.executeUpdate() method
4.7. Updating the version of timestamp
4.8. A HQL DELETE statement
4.9. Pseudo-syntax for INSERT statements
4.10. HQL INSERT statement
5.1. The @Version annotation
5.2. Declaring a version property in hbm.xml
5.3. Using timestamps for optimistic locking
5.4. The timestamp element in hbm.xml
6.1. Method setCacheRegion
6.2. Configuring cache providers using annotations
6.3. Configuring cache providers using mapping files
6.4. Evicting an item from the first-level cache
6.5. Second-level cache eviction
6.6. Browsing the second-level cache entries via the Statistics API
7.1. Using BootstrapServiceRegistryBuilder
7.2. Registering event listeners
11.1. Example UPDATE query statements
11.2. Example INSERT query statements
11.3. Simple query example
11.4. Simple query using entity name for root entity reference
11.5. Simple query using multiple root entity references
11.6. Explicit inner join examples
11.7. Explicit left (outer) join examples
11.8. Fetch join example
11.9. with-clause join example
11.10. Simple implicit join example
11.11. Reused implicit join
11.12. Collection references example
11.13. Qualified collection references example
11.14. String literal examples
11.15. Numeric literal examples
11.16. Named parameter examples
11.17. Positional (JPQL) parameter examples
11.18. Numeric arithmetic examples
11.19. Concatenation operation example
11.20. Aggregate function examples
11.21. Collection-related expressions examples
11.22. Index operator examples
11.23. Entity type expression examples
11.24. Simple case expression example
11.25. Searched case expression example
11.26. NULLIF example
11.27. Dynamic instantiation example - constructor
11.28. Dynamic instantiation example - list
11.29. Dynamic instantiation example - map
11.30. Relational comparison examples
11.31. ALL subquery comparison qualifier example
11.32. Nullness checking examples
11.33. Like predicate examples
11.34. Between predicate examples
11.35. In predicate examples
11.36. Empty collection expression examples
11.37. Member-of collection expression examples
11.38. Group-by illustration
11.39. Having illustration
11.40. Order-by examples
12.1. Selecting the root entity
12.2. Selecting an attribute
12.3. Selecting an array
12.4. Selecting an array (2)
12.5. Selecting an wrapper
12.6. Selecting a tuple
12.7. Adding a root
12.8. Adding multiple roots
12.9. Example with Embedded and ManyToOne
12.10. Example with Collections
12.11. Example with Embedded and ManyToOne
12.12. Example with Collections
12.13. Using parameters
13.1. Named sql query using the <sql-query> maping element
13.2. Execution of a named query
13.3. Named sql query with association
13.4. Named query returning a scalar
13.5. <resultset> mapping used to externalize mapping information
13.6. Programmatically specifying the result mapping information
13.7. Named SQL query using @NamedNativeQuery together with @SqlResultSetMapping
13.8. Implicit result set mapping
13.9. Using dot notation in @FieldResult for specifying associations
13.10. Scalar values via @ColumnResult
13.11. Custom CRUD via annotations
13.12. Custom CRUD XML
13.13. Overriding SQL statements for collections using annotations
13.14. Overriding SQL statements for secondary tables
13.15. Stored procedures and their return value
15.1. Example of storing username with revision
15.2. Custom implementation of tracking entity classes modified during revisions
16.1. Specifying tenant identifier from SessionFactory
16.2. Implementing MultiTenantConnectionProvider using different connection pools
16.3. Implementing MultiTenantConnectionProvider using single connection pool
17.1. Example extension point registrations in blueprint.xml