Seam - Contextual Components

<process-definition name="todo">
   
   <start-state name="start">
      <transition to="todo"/>
   </start-state>
   
   <task-node name="todo">
      <task name="todo" description="#{todoList.description}">
         <assignment actor-id="#{actor.id}"/>
      </task>
      <transition to="done"/>
   </task-node>
   
   <end-state name="done"/>
   
</process-definition>

	The <start-state> node represents the logical start of the process. When the process starts, it immediately transitions to the todo node.
	The <task-node> node represents a wait state, where business process execution pauses, waiting for one or more tasks to be performed.
	The <task> element defines a task to be performed by a user. Since there is only one task defined on this node, when it is complete, execution resumes, and we transition to the end state. The task gets its description from a Seam component named todoList (one of the JavaBeans).
	Tasks need to be assigned to a user or group of users when they are created. In this case, the task is assigned to the current user, which we get from a built-in Seam component named actor. Any Seam component may be used to perform task assignment.
	The <end-state> node defines the logical end of the business process. When execution reaches this node, the process instance is destroyed.

@Name("todoList")
public class TodoList
{
   private String description;
   
   public String getDescription()
   {
      return description;
   }

   public void setDescription(String description)
   {
      this.description = description;
   }
              
   @CreateProcess(definition="todo")
   public void createTodo() {}
              
   @StartTask @EndTask
   public void done() {}

}

	The description property accepts user input from the JSP page, and exposes it to the process definition, allowing the task description to be set.
	The Seam @CreateProcess annotation creates a new jBPM process instance for the named process definition.
	The Seam @StartTask annotation starts work on a task. The @EndTask ends the task, and allows the business process execution to resume.

<pageflow-definition 
        xmlns="http://jboss.com/products/seam/pageflow"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://jboss.com/products/seam/pageflow 
                            http://jboss.com/products/seam/pageflow-2.1.xsd"
        name="numberGuess">
   
   <start-page name="displayGuess" view-id="/numberGuess.jspx">
      <redirect/>
      <transition name="guess" to="evaluateGuess">
         <action expression="#{numberGuess.guess}"/>
      </transition>
      <transition name="giveup" to="giveup"/>
      <transition name="cheat" to="cheat"/>
   </start-page>
              
   <decision name="evaluateGuess" expression="#{numberGuess.correctGuess}">
      <transition name="true" to="win"/>
      <transition name="false" to="evaluateRemainingGuesses"/>
   </decision>
   
   <decision name="evaluateRemainingGuesses" expression="#{numberGuess.lastGuess}">
      <transition name="true" to="lose"/>
      <transition name="false" to="displayGuess"/>
   </decision>
   
   <page name="giveup" view-id="/giveup.jspx">
      <redirect/>
      <transition name="yes" to="lose"/>
      <transition name="no" to="displayGuess"/>
   </page>
   
   <process-state name="cheat">
      <sub-process name="cheat"/>
      <transition to="displayGuess"/>
   </process-state>
   
   <page name="win" view-id="/win.jspx">
      <redirect/>
      <end-conversation/>
   </page>
   
   <page name="lose" view-id="/lose.jspx">
      <redirect/>
      <end-conversation/>
   </page>
   
</pageflow-definition>

	The <page> element defines a wait state where the system displays a particular JSF view and waits for user input. The view-id is the same JSF view id used in plain JSF navigation rules. The redirect attribute tells Seam to use post-then-redirect when navigating to the page. (This results in friendly browser URLs.)
	The <transition> element names a JSF outcome. The transition is triggered when a JSF action results in that outcome. Execution will then proceed to the next node of the pageflow graph, after invocation of any jBPM transition actions.
	A transition <action> is just like a JSF action, except that it occurs when a jBPM transition occurs. The transition action can invoke any Seam component.
	A <decision> node branches the pageflow, and determines the next node to execute by evaluating a JSF EL expression.

@Name("numberGuess")
@Scope(ScopeType.CONVERSATION)
public class NumberGuess implements Serializable {
   
   private int randomNumber;
   private Integer currentGuess;
   private int biggest;
   private int smallest;
   private int guessCount;
   private int maxGuesses;
   private boolean cheated;
   
   @Create    
   public void begin()
   {
      randomNumber = new Random().nextInt(100);
      guessCount = 0;
      biggest = 100;
      smallest = 1;
   }
   
   public void setCurrentGuess(Integer guess)
   {
      this.currentGuess = guess;
   }
   
   public Integer getCurrentGuess()
   {
      return currentGuess;
   }
   
   public void guess()
   {
      if (currentGuess>randomNumber)
      {
         biggest = currentGuess - 1;
      }
      if (currentGuess<randomNumber)
      {
         smallest = currentGuess + 1;
      }
      guessCount ++;
   }
   
   public boolean isCorrectGuess()
   {
      return currentGuess==randomNumber;
   }
   
   public int getBiggest()
   {
      return biggest;
   }
   
   public int getSmallest()
   {
      return smallest;
   }
   
   public int getGuessCount()
   {
      return guessCount;
   }
   
   public boolean isLastGuess()
   {
      return guessCount==maxGuesses;
   }

   public int getRemainingGuesses() {
      return maxGuesses-guessCount;
   }

   public void setMaxGuesses(int maxGuesses) {
      this.maxGuesses = maxGuesses;
   }

   public int getMaxGuesses() {
      return maxGuesses;
   }

   public int getRandomNumber() {
      return randomNumber;
   }

   public void cheated()
   {
      cheated = true;
   }
   
   public boolean isCheat() {
      return cheated;
   }
   
   public List<Integer> getPossibilities()
   {
      List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<Integer>();
      for(int i=smallest; i<=biggest; i++) result.add(i);
      return result;
   }
   
}

The first time a JSP page asks for a numberGuess component, Seam will create a new one for it, and the @Create method will be invoked, allowing the component to initialize itself.

@Stateful     
@Name("hotelSearch")
@Scope(ScopeType.SESSION)
@Restrict("#{identity.loggedIn}")
public class HotelSearchingAction implements HotelSearching
{
   
   @PersistenceContext
   private EntityManager em;
   
   private String searchString;
   private int pageSize = 10;
   private int page;
   
   @DataModel 
   private List<Hotel> hotels;
   
   public void find()
   {
      page = 0;
      queryHotels();
   }
   public void nextPage()
   {
      page++;
      queryHotels();
   }
      
   private void queryHotels()
   {
      hotels = 
          em.createQuery("select h from Hotel h where lower(h.name) like #{pattern} " + 
                         "or lower(h.city) like #{pattern} " + 
                         "or lower(h.zip) like #{pattern} " +
                         "or lower(h.address) like #{pattern}")
            .setMaxResults(pageSize)
            .setFirstResult( page * pageSize )
            .getResultList();
   }
   
   public boolean isNextPageAvailable()
   {
      return hotels!=null && hotels.size()==pageSize;
   }
   
   public int getPageSize() {
      return pageSize;
   }
   
   public void setPageSize(int pageSize) {
      this.pageSize = pageSize;
   }
   
   @Factory(value="pattern", scope=ScopeType.EVENT)
   public String getSearchPattern()
   {
      return searchString==null ? 
            "%" : '%' + searchString.toLowerCase().replace('*', '%') + '%';
   }
   
   public String getSearchString()
   {
      return searchString;
   }
   
   public void setSearchString(String searchString)
   {
      this.searchString = searchString;
   }
              
   @Remove
   public void destroy() {}
}

	The EJB standard @Stateful annotation identifies this class as a stateful session bean. Stateful session beans are scoped to the conversation context by default.
	The @Restrict annotation applies a security restriction to the component. It restricts access to the component allowing only logged-in users. The security chapter explains more about security in Seam.
	The @DataModel annotation exposes a List as a JSF ListDataModel. This makes it easy to implement clickable lists for search screens. In this case, the list of hotels is exposed to the page as a ListDataModel in the conversation variable named hotels.
	The EJB standard @Remove annotation specifies that a stateful session bean should be removed and its state destroyed after invocation of the annotated method. In Seam, all stateful session beans must define a method with no parameters marked @Remove. This method will be called when Seam destroys the session context.

<div class="section">
  
    <span class="errors">
       <h:messages globalOnly="true"/>
    </span>
    
    <h1>Search Hotels</h1>

    <h:form id="searchCriteria">
    <fieldset> 
       <h:inputText id="searchString" value="#{hotelSearch.searchString}" 
                    style="width: 165px;">
         <a:support event="onkeyup" actionListener="#{hotelSearch.find}" 
                    reRender="searchResults" />
       </h:inputText>
       &#160;
       <a:commandButton id="findHotels" value="Find Hotels" action="#{hotelSearch.find}" 
                        reRender="searchResults"/>
       &#160;
       <a:status>
          <f:facet name="start">
             <h:graphicImage value="/img/spinner.gif"/>
          </f:facet>
       </a:status>
       <br/>
       <h:outputLabel for="pageSize">Maximum results:</h:outputLabel>&#160;
       <h:selectOneMenu value="#{hotelSearch.pageSize}" id="pageSize">
          <f:selectItem itemLabel="5" itemValue="5"/>
          <f:selectItem itemLabel="10" itemValue="10"/>
          <f:selectItem itemLabel="20" itemValue="20"/>
       </h:selectOneMenu>
    </fieldset>
    </h:form>
    
</div>

<a:outputPanel id="searchResults">
  <div class="section">
    <h:outputText value="No Hotels Found"
                  rendered="#{hotels != null and hotels.rowCount==0}"/>
    <h:dataTable id="hotels" value="#{hotels}" var="hot" 
                 rendered="#{hotels.rowCount>0}">
        <h:column>
            <f:facet name="header">Name</f:facet>
            #{hot.name}
        </h:column>
        <h:column>
            <f:facet name="header">Address</f:facet>
            #{hot.address}
        </h:column>
        <h:column>
            <f:facet name="header">City, State</f:facet>
            #{hot.city}, #{hot.state}, #{hot.country}
        </h:column> 
        <h:column>
            <f:facet name="header">Zip</f:facet>
            #{hot.zip}
        </h:column>
        <h:column>
            <f:facet name="header">Action</f:facet>
            <s:link id="viewHotel" value="View Hotel" 
                    action="#{hotelBooking.selectHotel(hot)}"/>
        </h:column>
    </h:dataTable>
    <s:link value="More results" action="#{hotelSearch.nextPage}" 
            rendered="#{hotelSearch.nextPageAvailable}"/>
  </div>
</a:outputPanel>    

	The RichFaces Ajax <a:support> tag allows a JSF action event listener to be called by asynchronous XMLHttpRequest when a JavaScript event like onkeyup occurs. Even better, the reRender attribute lets us render a fragment of the JSF page and perform a partial page update when the asynchronous response is received.
	The RichFaces Ajax <a:status> tag lets us display an animated image while we wait for asynchronous requests to return.
	The RichFaces Ajax <a:outputPanel> tag defines a region of the page which can be re-rendered by an asynchronous request.
	The Seam <s:link> tag lets us attach a JSF action listener to an ordinary (non-JavaScript) HTML link. The advantage of this over the standard JSF <h:commandLink> is that it preserves the operation of "open in new window" and "open in new tab". Also notice that we use a method binding with a parameter: #{hotelBooking.selectHotel(hot)}. This is not possible in the standard Unified EL, but Seam provides an extension to the EL that lets you use parameters on any method binding expression. If you're wondering how navigation occurs, you can find all the rules in WEB-INF/pages.xml; this is discussed in Section 6.7, “Navigation”.

@Stateful
@Name("hotelBooking")
@Restrict("#{identity.loggedIn}")
public class HotelBookingAction implements HotelBooking
{
   
   @PersistenceContext(type=EXTENDED)
   private EntityManager em;
   
   @In 
   private User user;
   
   @In(required=false) @Out
   private Hotel hotel;
   
   @In(required=false) 
   @Out(required=false)
   private Booking booking;
     
   @In
   private FacesMessages facesMessages;
      
   @In
   private Events events;
   
   @Logger 
   private Log log;
   
   private boolean bookingValid;
   
   @Begin     
   public void selectHotel(Hotel selectedHotel)
   {
      hotel = em.merge(selectedHotel);
   }
   
   public void bookHotel()
   {      
      booking = new Booking(hotel, user);
      Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
      booking.setCheckinDate( calendar.getTime() );
      calendar.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
      booking.setCheckoutDate( calendar.getTime() );
   }
   
   public void setBookingDetails()
   {
      Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
      calendar.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -1);
      if ( booking.getCheckinDate().before( calendar.getTime() ) )
      {
         facesMessages.addToControl("checkinDate", "Check in date must be a future date");
         bookingValid=false;
      }
      else if ( !booking.getCheckinDate().before( booking.getCheckoutDate() ) )
      {
         facesMessages.addToControl("checkoutDate", 
                                    "Check out date must be later than check in date");
         bookingValid=false;
      }
      else
      {
         bookingValid=true;
      }
   }
   
   public boolean isBookingValid()
   {
      return bookingValid;
   }
   
   @End       
   public void confirm()
   {
      em.persist(booking);
      facesMessages.add("Thank you, #{user.name}, your confimation number " + 
                        " for #{hotel.name} is #{booki g.id}");
      log.info("New booking: #{booking.id} for #{user.username}");
      events.raiseTransactionSuccessEvent("bookingConfirmed");
   }
   
   @End
   public void cancel() {}
   
   @Remove    
   public void destroy() {}

	This bean uses an EJB3 extended persistence context, so that any entity instances remain managed for the whole lifecycle of the stateful session bean.
	The @Out annotation declares that an attribute value is outjected to a context variable after method invocations. In this case, the context variable named hotel will be set to the value of the hotel instance variable after every action listener invocation completes.
	The @Begin annotation specifies that the annotated method begins a long-running conversation, so the current conversation context will not be destroyed at the end of the request. Instead, it will be reassociated with every request from the current window, and destroyed either by timeout due to conversation inactivity or invocation of a matching @End method.
	The @End annotation specifies that the annotated method ends the current long-running conversation, so the current conversation context will be destroyed at the end of the request.
	This EJB remove method will be called when Seam destroys the conversation context. Don't forget to define this method!

@Stateful
@Name("roomPreference")
@Restrict("#{identity.loggedIn}")
public class RoomPreferenceAction implements RoomPreference 
{

   @Logger 
   private Log log;

   @In private Hotel hotel;
   
   @In private Booking booking;

   @DataModel(value="availableRooms")
   private List<Room> availableRooms;

   @DataModelSelection(value="availableRooms")
   private Room roomSelection;
    
   @In(required=false, value="roomSelection")
   @Out(required=false, value="roomSelection")
   private Room room;

   @Factory("availableRooms")
   public void loadAvailableRooms()
   {
      availableRooms = hotel.getAvailableRooms(booking.getCheckinDate(), booking.getCheckoutDate());
      log.info("Retrieved #0 available rooms", availableRooms.size());
   }

   public BigDecimal getExpectedPrice()
   {
      log.info("Retrieving price for room #0", roomSelection.getName());
      
      return booking.getTotal(roomSelection);
   }

   @Begin(nested=true)
   public String selectPreference()
   {
      log.info("Room selected");
      
      this.room = this.roomSelection;
      
      return "payment";
   }

   public String requestConfirmation()
   {
      // all validations are performed through the s:validateAll, so checks are already
      // performed
      log.info("Request confirmation from user");
      
      return "confirm";
   }

   @End(beforeRedirect=true)
   public String cancel()
   {
      log.info("ending conversation");

      return "cancel";
   }

   @Destroy @Remove                                                                      
   public void destroy() {}    
}

	The hotel instance is injected from the conversation context. The hotel is loaded through an extended persistence context so that the entity remains managed throughout the conversation. This allows us to lazily load the availableRooms through an @Factory method by simply walking the association.
	When @Begin(nested=true) is encountered, a nested conversation is pushed onto the conversation stack. When executing within a nested conversation, components still have access to all outer conversation state, but setting any values in the nested conversation’s state container does not affect the outer conversation. In addition, nested conversations can exist concurrently stacked on the same outer conversation, allowing independent state for each.
	The roomSelection is outjected to the conversation based on the @DataModelSelection. Note that because the nested conversation has an independent context, the roomSelection is only set into the new nested conversation. Should the user select a different preference in another window or tab a new nested conversation would be started.
	The @End annotation pops the conversation stack and resumes the outer conversation. The roomSelection is destroyed along with the conversation context.

<div class="section">
    <h1>Room Preference</h1>
</div>

<div class="section">
    <h:form id="room_selections_form">
        <div class="section">
            <h:outputText styleClass="output" 
                value="No rooms available for the dates selected: " 
                rendered="#{availableRooms != null and availableRooms.rowCount == 0}"/>
            <h:outputText styleClass="output" 
                value="Rooms available for the dates selected: " 
                rendered="#{availableRooms != null and availableRooms.rowCount > 0}"/>
                
            <h:outputText styleClass="output" value="#{booking.checkinDate}"/> -
            <h:outputText styleClass="output" value="#{booking.checkoutDate}"/>
            
            <br/><br/>
              
            <h:dataTable value="#{availableRooms}" var="room" 
                    rendered="#{availableRooms.rowCount > 0}">
                <h:column>
                    <f:facet name="header">Name</f:facet>
                    #{room.name}
                </h:column>
                <h:column>
                    <f:facet name="header">Description</f:facet>
                    #{room.description}
                </h:column>
                <h:column>
                    <f:facet name="header">Per Night</f:facet>
                    <h:outputText value="#{room.price}">
                        <f:convertNumber type="currency" currencySymbol="$"/>
                    </h:outputText>
                </h:column>
                <h:column>
                    <f:facet name="header">Action</f:facet>
                    <h:commandLink id="selectRoomPreference" 
                        action="#{roomPreference.selectPreference}">Select</h:commandLink>
                </h:column>
            </h:dataTable>
        </div>
        <div class="entry">
            <div class="label">&#160;</div>
            <div class="input">
                <s:button id="cancel" value="Revise Dates" view="/book.xhtml"/>
            </div>
        </div>    
    </h:form>
</div>

	When requested from EL, the #{availableRooms} are loaded by the @Factory method defined in RoomPreferenceAction. The @Factory method will only be executed once to load the values into the current context as a @DataModel instance.
	Invoking the #{roomPreference.selectPreference} action results in the row being selected and set into the @DataModelSelection. This value is then outjected to the nested conversation context.
	Revising the dates simply returns to the /book.xhtml. Note that we have not yet nested a conversation (no room preference has been selected), so the current conversation can simply be resumed. The <s:button> component simply propagates the current conversation when displaying the /book.xhtml view.

@Stateful
@Name("hotelBooking")
@Restrict("#{identity.loggedIn}")
public class HotelBookingAction implements HotelBooking
{
   
   @PersistenceContext(type=EXTENDED)
   private EntityManager em;
   
   @In 
   private User user;
   
   @In(required=false) @Out
   private Hotel hotel;
   
   @In(required=false) 
   @Out(required=false)
   private Booking booking;
   
   @In(required=false)
   private Room roomSelection;
   
   @In
   private FacesMessages facesMessages;
      
   @In
   private Events events;
   
   @Logger 
   private Log log;
   
   @Begin
   public void selectHotel(Hotel selectedHotel)
   {
      log.info("Selected hotel #0", selectedHotel.getName());
      hotel = em.merge(selectedHotel);
   }
   
   public String setBookingDates()
   {
      // the result will indicate whether or not to begin the nested conversation
      // as well as the navigation.  if a null result is returned, the nested
      // conversation will not begin, and the user will be returned to the current
      // page to fix validation issues
      String result = null;

      Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
      calendar.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -1);

      // validate what we have received from the user so far
      if ( booking.getCheckinDate().before( calendar.getTime() ) )
      {
         facesMessages.addToControl("checkinDate", "Check in date must be a future date");
      }
      else if ( !booking.getCheckinDate().before( booking.getCheckoutDate() ) )
      {
         facesMessages.addToControl("checkoutDate", "Check out date must be later than check in date");
      }
      else
      {
         result = "rooms";
      }

      return result;
   }
   
   public void bookHotel()
   {      
      booking = new Booking(hotel, user);
      Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
      booking.setCheckinDate( calendar.getTime() );
      calendar.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
      booking.setCheckoutDate( calendar.getTime() );
   }
   
   @End(root=true)
   public void confirm()
   {
      // on confirmation we set the room preference in the booking.  the room preference
      // will be injected based on the nested conversation we are in.
      booking.setRoomPreference(roomSelection);
              
      em.persist(booking);
      facesMessages.add("Thank you, #{user.name}, your confimation number for #{hotel.name} is #{booking.id}");
      log.info("New booking: #{booking.id} for #{user.username}");
      events.raiseTransactionSuccessEvent("bookingConfirmed");
   }
   
   @End(root=true, beforeRedirect=true)
   public void cancel() {}
   
   @Destroy @Remove
   public void destroy() {}
}

	Annotating an action with @End(root=true) ends the root conversation which effectively destroys the entire conversation stack. When any conversation is ended, its nested conversations are ended as well. As the root is the conversation that started it all, this is a simple way to destroy and release all state associated with a workspace once the booking is confirmed.
	The roomSelection is only associated with the booking on user confirmation. While outjecting values to the nested conversation context will not impact the outer conversation, any objects injected from the outer conversation are injected by reference. This means that any changing to these objects will be reflected in the parent conversation as well as other concurrent nested conversations.
	By simply annotating the cancellation action with @End(root=true, beforeRedirect=true) we can easily destroy and release all state associated with the workspace prior to redirecting the user back to the hotel selection view.