Hibernate.orgCommunity Documentation
5.6.6.Final
Full text search engines like Apache Lucene are very powerful technologies to add efficient free text search capabilities to applications. However, Lucene suffers several mismatches when dealing with object domain models. Amongst other things indexes have to be kept up to date and mismatches between index structure and domain model as well as query mismatches have to be avoided.
Hibernate Search addresses these shortcomings - it indexes your domain model with the help of a few annotations, takes care of database/index synchronization and brings back regular managed objects from free text queries. To achieve this Hibernate Search is combining the power of Hibernate and Apache Lucene.
Since version 5.6
Hibernate Search sports an experimental integration with Elasticsearch.
Elasticsearch is built on Apache Lucene so we can now expose very similar features, making most
of this reference documentation a valid guide to both approaches.
For details specific to Elasticsearch, jump to Chapter 11, Integration with Elasticsearch.
The other sections of this guide will assume you’re using Lucene without the Elasticsearch indirection.
Welcome to Hibernate Search. The following chapter will guide you through the initial steps required to integrate Hibernate Search into an existing Hibernate ORM enabled application. In case you are a Hibernate new timer we recommend you start here.
Java Runtime | Requires Java version 7 or greater. You can download a Java Runtime for Windows/Linux/Solaris here. |
Hibernate Search |
|
Hibernate ORM | You will need
|
JPA 2.1 | Hibernate Search can be used without JPA but the following instructions will use JPA annotations for basic
entity configuration ( |
If you are upgrading an existing application from an earlier version of Hibernate Search to the latest release, make sure to check the out the migration guide.
The Hibernate Search library is split in several modules to allow you to pick the minimal set of dependencies you need. It requires Apache Lucene, Hibernate ORM and some standard APIs such as the Java Persistence API and the Java Transactions API. Other dependencies are optional, providing additional integration points. To get the correct jar files on your classpath we highly recommend to use a dependency manager such as Maven, or similar tools such as Gradle or Ivy. These alternatives are also able to consume the artifacts from the Section 1.3.1, “Using Maven” section.
The Hibernate Search artifacts can be found in Maven’s Central Repository but are released first in the JBoss Maven Repository. See also the Maven Getting Started wiki page to use the JBoss repository.
All you have to add to your pom.xml is:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-search-orm</artifactId>
<version>5.6.6.Final</version>
</dependency>
<!-- If using JPA, add: -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
<version>5.1.15.Final</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Infinispan integration: -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
<artifactId>infinispan-directory-provider</artifactId>
<version>8.2.4.Final</version>
</dependency>
Only the hibernate-search-orm dependency is mandatory. hibernate-entitymanager is only required if you want to use Hibernate Search in conjunction with JPA.
You can download zip bundles from Sourceforge containing all needed Hibernate Search dependencies. This includes - among others - the latest compatible version of Hibernate ORM. However, only the essential parts you need to start experimenting with are included. You will probably need to combine this with downloads from the other projects, for example the Hibernate ORM distribution on Sourceforge also provides the modules to enable caching or use a connection pool.
If you are creating an application to be deployed on WildFly you’re lucky: Hibernate Search is included in the application server. This means that you don’t need to package it along with your application, unless you want to use a different version than the one included. The Hibernate Search dependencies are automatically activated since WildFly 10; see Section 3.10, “Hibernate Search as a WildFly module” for details.
Since this version of Hibernate Search requires Hibernate ORM 5.0, we will assume you’re running at least WildFly 10.
Once you have added all required dependencies to your application you have to add a couple of
properties to your Hibernate configuration file.
If you are using Hibernate directly this can be done in hibernate.properties
or hibernate.cfg.xml
.
If you are using Hibernate via JPA you can also add the properties to persistence.xml
.
The good news is that for standard use most properties offer a sensible default.
An example persistence.xml
configuration could look like this:
hibernate.properties
, hibernate.cfg.xml
or persistence.xml
...
<property name="hibernate.search.default.directory_provider"
value="filesystem"/>
<property name="hibernate.search.default.indexBase"
value="/var/lucene/indexes"/>
...
First you have to tell Hibernate Search which DirectoryProvider
to use. This can be achieved by
setting the hibernate.search.default.directory_provider
property. Apache Lucene has the notion
of a Directory
to store the index files. Hibernate Search handles the initialization and
configuration of a Lucene Directory
instance via a DirectoryProvider
. In this tutorial we will
use a a directory provider which stores the index on the file system. This will give us the ability to
inspect the Lucene indexes created by Hibernate Search (eg via
Luke). Once you have a working configuration you can start
experimenting with other directory providers (see Section 3.3, “Directory configuration”).
You also have to specify the default base directory for all indexes via
hibernate.search.default.indexBase
. This defines the path where indexes are stored.
Let’s assume that your application contains the Hibernate managed classes example.Book
and
example.Author
and you want to add free text search capabilities to your application in order to
search the books contained in your database.
package example;
...
@Entity
public class Book {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
private String title;
private String subtitle;
@ManyToMany
private Set<Author> authors = new HashSet<Author>();
private Date publicationDate;
public Book() {}
// standard getters/setters follow
...
}
package example;
...
@Entity
public class Author {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
private String name;
public Author() {}
// standard getters/setters follow
...
}
To achieve this you have to add a few annotations to the Book
and Author
class. The first annotation
@Indexed
marks Book
as indexable. By design Hibernate Search needs to store an untokenized id in
the index to ensure index uniqueness for a given entity (for now don’t worry if you don’t know what
untokenized means, it will soon be clear).
Next you have to mark the fields you want to make searchable. Let’s start with title
and
subtitle
and annotate both with @Field
. The parameter index=Index.YES
will ensure that the
text will be indexed, while analyze=Analyze.YES
ensures that the text will be analyzed using the
default Lucene analyzer. Usually, analyzing or tokenizing means chunking a sentence into individual
words and potentially excluding common words like "a" or "the". We will talk more about analyzers a
little later on.
The third parameter we specify is store=Store.NO
, which ensures that the actual data
will not be stored in the index.
Whether data is stored in the index or not has nothing to do with the ability to search for it.
It is not necessary to store fields in the index to allow Lucene to search for them: the benefit of
storing them is the ability to retrieve them via projections (see Section 5.1.3.5, “Projection”).
Without projections, Hibernate Search will per default execute a Lucene query in order to find the database identifiers of the entities matching the query criteria and use these identifiers to retrieve managed objects from the database. The decision for or against projection has to be made on a case by case basis.
Note that index=Index.YES
, analyze=Analyze.YES
and store=Store.NO
are the default values for
these parameters and could be omitted.
After this short look under the hood let’s go back to annotating the Book
class. Another annotation
we have not yet discussed is @DateBridge
. This annotation is one of the built-in field bridges in
Hibernate Search. The Lucene index is mostly string based, with special support for encoding numbers.
Hibernate Search must convert the data types of the indexed fields to their respective Lucene
encoding and vice versa. A range of predefined bridges is provided for this purpose, including the
DateBridge
which will convert a java.util.Date
into a numeric value (a long
) with the
specified resolution. For more details see Section 4.4.1, “Built-in bridges”.
This leaves us with @IndexedEmbedded
. This annotation is used to index associated entities
(@ManyToMany
, @*ToOne
, @Embedded
and @ElementCollection
) as part of the owning entity.
This is needed since a Lucene index document is a flat data structure which does not know anything
about object relations.
To ensure that the author names will be searchable you have to make sure that the names are indexed
as part of the book itself. On top of @IndexedEmbedded
you will also have to mark the fields of
the associated entity you want to have included in the index with @Field
.
For more details see Section 4.1.3, “Embedded and associated objects”.
These settings should be sufficient for now. For more details on entity mapping refer to Section 4.1, “Mapping an entity”.
package example;
...
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Book {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field(index=Index.YES, analyze=Analyze.YES, store=Store.NO)
private String title;
@Field(index=Index.YES, analyze=Analyze.YES, store=Store.NO)
private String subtitle;
@Field(index = Index.YES, analyze=Analyze.NO, store = Store.YES)
@DateBridge(resolution = Resolution.DAY)
private Date publicationDate;
@IndexedEmbedded
@ManyToMany
private Set<Author> authors = new HashSet<Author>();
public Book() {
}
// standard getters/setters follow here
...
}
@Entity
public class Author {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field
private String name;
public Author() {
}
// standard getters/setters follow here
...
}
Hibernate Search will transparently index every entity persisted, updated or removed through Hibernate ORM. However, you have to create an initial Lucene index for the data already present in your database. Once you have added the above properties and annotations it is time to trigger an initial batch index of your books. You can achieve this by using one of the following code snippets (see also Section 6.3, “Rebuilding the whole index”):
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
fullTextSession.createIndexer().startAndWait();
EntityManager em = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
FullTextEntityManager fullTextEntityManager = Search.getFullTextEntityManager(em);
fullTextEntityManager.createIndexer().startAndWait();
After executing the above code, you should be able to see a Lucene index under /var/lucene/indexes/example.Book
(or based on a different path depending how you configured the property hibernate.search.default.directory_provider
).
Go ahead an inspect this index with Luke: it will help you to understand how Hibernate Search works.
Now it is time to execute a first search. The general approach is to create a Lucene query, either
via the Lucene API (Section 5.1.1, “Building a Lucene query using the Lucene API”) or via the Hibernate Search query DSL
(Section 5.1.2, “Building a Lucene query with the Hibernate Search query DSL”), and then wrap this query into a org.hibernate.Query
in order to get all the
functionality one is used to from the Hibernate API. The following code will prepare a query against
the indexed fields, execute it and return a list of Book
instances.
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
Transaction tx = fullTextSession.beginTransaction();
// create native Lucene query using the query DSL
// alternatively you can write the Lucene query using the Lucene query parser
// or the Lucene programmatic API. The Hibernate Search DSL is recommended though
QueryBuilder qb = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query query = qb
.keyword()
.onFields("title", "subtitle", "authors.name")
.matching("Java rocks!")
.createQuery();
// wrap Lucene query in a org.hibernate.Query
org.hibernate.Query hibQuery =
fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(query, Book.class);
// execute search
List result = hibQuery.list();
tx.commit();
session.close();
EntityManager em = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
FullTextEntityManager fullTextEntityManager =
org.hibernate.search.jpa.Search.getFullTextEntityManager(em);
em.getTransaction().begin();
// create native Lucene query using the query DSL
// alternatively you can write the Lucene query using the Lucene query parser
// or the Lucene programmatic API. The Hibernate Search DSL is recommended though
QueryBuilder qb = fullTextEntityManager.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query query = qb
.keyword()
.onFields("title", "subtitle", "authors.name")
.matching("Java rocks!")
.createQuery();
// wrap Lucene query in a javax.persistence.Query
javax.persistence.Query persistenceQuery =
fullTextEntityManager.createFullTextQuery(query, Book.class);
// execute search
List result = persistenceQuery.getResultList();
em.getTransaction().commit();
em.close();
Let’s make things a little more interesting now. Assume that one of your indexed book entities has the title "Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code" and you want to get hits for all of the following queries: "refactor", "refactors", "refactored" and "refactoring". In Lucene this can be achieved by choosing an analyzer class which applies word stemming during the indexing as well as the search process. Hibernate Search offers several ways to configure the analyzer to be used (see Section 4.3.1, “Default analyzer and analyzer by class”):
hibernate.search.analyzer
property in the configuration file.
The specified class will then be the default analyzer.@Analyzer
annotation at the entity level.@Analyzer
annotation at the field level.When using the @Analyzer
annotation one can either specify the fully qualified classname of the
analyzer to use or one can refer to an analyzer definition defined by the @AnalyzerDef
annotation.
In the latter case the analyzer framework with its factories approach is utilized.
To find out more about the factory classes available you can either browse the Lucene JavaDoc or read the corresponding section on the Solr Wiki.
You can use @AnalyzerDef
or @AnalyzerDefs
on any:
@Indexed
entity regardless of where the analyzer is applied to;@Indexed
entity;@Indexed
entity.This implies that analyzer definitions are global and their names must be unique.
Why the reference to the Apache Solr wiki?
Apache Solr was historically an indepedent sister project of Apache Lucene and the analyzer factory framework was originally created in Solr. Since then the Apache Lucene and Solr projects have merged, but the documentation for these additional analyzers can still be found in the Solr Wiki. You might find other documentation referring to the "Solr Analyzer Framework" - just remember you don’t need to depend on Apache Solr anymore to use it. The required classes are part of the core Lucene distribution.
In the example below a StandardTokenizerFactory
is used followed by two filter factories,
LowerCaseFilterFactory
and SnowballPorterFilterFactory
. The standard tokenizer splits words at
punctuation characters and hyphens.
It is a good general purpose tokenizer.
For indexing email addresses or internet hostnames it is not the best fit as it would split them up.
You may either make use of Lucene’s ClassicTokenizerFactory
in such cases or implement a custom tokenizer and factory.
The lowercase filter converts to lowercase the letters in each token
whereas the snowball filter finally applies language specific stemming.
Generally, when using the Analyzer Framework you have to start with a tokenizer followed by an arbitrary number of filters.
@AnalyzerDef
and the Analyzer Framework to define and use an analyzer@Entity
@Indexed
@AnalyzerDef(name = "customanalyzer",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = SnowballPorterFilterFactory.class, params = {
@Parameter(name = "language", value = "English")
})
})
public class Book {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId
private Integer id;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "customanalyzer")
private String title;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "customanalyzer")
private String subtitle;
@IndexedEmbedded
@ManyToMany
private Set<Author> authors = new HashSet<Author>();
@Field(index = Index.YES, analyze = Analyze.NO, store = Store.YES)
@DateBridge(resolution = Resolution.DAY)
private Date publicationDate;
public Book() {
}
// standard getters/setters follow here
...
}
Using @AnalyzerDef
only defines an Analyzer, you still have to apply it to entities and or
properties using @Analyzer
. Like in the above example the customanalyzer
is defined but not
applied on the entity: it’s applied on the title
and subtitle
properties only. An analyzer
definition is global, so you can define it on any entity and reuse the definition on other entities.
The above paragraphs helped you getting an overview of Hibernate Search. The next step after this tutorial is to get more familiar with the overall architecture of Hibernate Search (Chapter 2, Architecture) and explore the basic features in more detail. Two topics which were only briefly touched in this tutorial were analyzer configuration (Section 4.3.1, “Default analyzer and analyzer by class”) and field bridges (Section 4.4, “Bridges”). Both are important features required for more fine-grained indexing. More advanced topics cover clustering (Section 3.4.1, “JMS Master/Slave back end”, Section 3.3.1, “Infinispan Directory configuration”) and large index handling (Section 10.5, “Sharding indexes”).
Hibernate Search consists of an indexing component as well as an index search component. Both are backed by Apache Lucene.
Each time an entity is inserted, updated or removed in/from the database, Hibernate Search keeps track of this event (through the Hibernate event system) and schedules an index update. All these updates are handled without you having to interact with the Apache Lucene APIs directly (see Section 3.1, “Enabling Hibernate Search and automatic indexing”). Instead, the interaction with the underlying Lucene indexes is handled via so called IndexManagers.
Each Lucene index is managed by one index manager which is uniquely identified by name. In most cases there is also a one to one relationship between an indexed entity and a single IndexManager. The exceptions are the use cases of index sharding and index sharing. The former can be applied when the index for a single entity becomes too big and indexing operations are slowing down the application. In this case a single entity is indexed into multiple indexes each with its own index manager (see Section 10.5, “Sharding indexes”). The latter, index sharing, is the ability to index multiple entities into the same Lucene index (see Section 10.6, “Sharing indexes”).
The index manager abstracts from the specific index configuration. In the case of the default index manager this includes details about the selected backend, the configured reader strategy and the chosen DirectoryProvider. These components will be discussed in greater detail later on. It is recommended that you start with the default index manager which uses different Lucene Directory types to manage the indexes (see Section 3.3, “Directory configuration”). You can, however, also provide your own IndexManager implementation (see Section 3.2, “Configuring the IndexManager”).
Once the index is created, you can search for entities and return lists of managed entities saving
you the tedious object to Lucene Document mapping. The same persistence context is shared between
Hibernate and Hibernate Search. As a matter of fact, the FullTextSession
is built on top of the
Hibernate Session so that the application code can use the unified org.hibernate.Query or
javax.persistence.Query APIs exactly the same way a HQL, JPA-QL or native query would do.
To be more efficient Hibernate Search batches the write interactions with the Lucene index. This batching is the responsibility of the Worker. There are currently two types of batching. Outside a transaction, the index update operation is executed right after the actual database operation. This is really a no batching setup. In the case of an ongoing transaction, the index update operation is scheduled for the transaction commit phase and discarded in case of transaction rollback. The batching scope is the transaction. There are two immediate benefits:
You can think of those two batch modes (no scope vs transactional) as the equivalent of the (infamous) autocommit vs transactional behavior. From a performance perspective, the in transaction mode is recommended. The scoping choice is made transparently. Hibernate Search detects the presence of a transaction and adjust the scoping (see Section 3.4, “Worker configuration”).
It is recommended - for both your database and Hibernate Search - to execute your operations in a transaction, be it JDBC or JTA.
Hibernate Search works perfectly fine in the Hibernate / EntityManager long conversation pattern aka. atomic conversation.
Hibernate Search offers the ability to let the batched work being processed by different back ends.
Several back ends are provided out of the box and you have the option to plugin your own. It is
important to understand that in this context back end encompasses more than just the configuration
option hibernate.search.default.worker.backend
. This property just specifies a implementation of
the BackendQueueProcessor interface which is a part of a back end configuration. In most cases,
however, additional configuration settings are needed to successfully configure a specific backend
setup, like for example the JMS back end.
In this mode, all index update operations applied on a given node (JVM) will be executed to the Lucene directories (through the directory providers) by the same node. This mode is typically used in non clustered environment or in clustered environments where the directory store is shared.
This mode targets non clustered applications, or clustered applications where the Directory is taking care of the locking strategy.
The main advantage is simplicity and immediate visibility of the changes in Lucene queries (a requirement in some applications).
An alternative back end viable for non-clustered and non-shared index configurations is the near- real-time backend.
All index update operations applied on a given node are sent to a JMS queue. A unique reader will then process the queue and update the master index. The master index is then replicated on a regular basis to the slave copies. This is known as the master/slaves pattern. The master is the sole responsible for updating the Lucene index. The slaves can accept read as well as write operations. However, while they process the read operations on their local index copy, they will delegate the update operations to the master.
This mode targets clustered environments where throughput is critical, and index update delays are affordable. Reliability is ensured by the JMS provider and by having the slaves working on a local copy of the index.
The JMS integration can be transactional. With this backend (and currently only this backend) you can have Hibernate Search send the indexing work into the queue within the same transaction applying changes to the relational database. This options requires you to use an XA transaction.
By default this backend’s transactional capabilities are disabled: messages will be enqueued as a post-transaction event, consistently with other backends. To change this configuration see also Section 3.4, “Worker configuration”.
The JGroups based back end works similar to the JMS one and is designed after the same master/slave pattern. However, instead of JMS the JGroups toolkit is used as a replication mechanism. This back end can be used as an alternative to JMS when response time is critical, but i.e. JNDI service is not available.
Note that while JMS can usually be configured to use persistent queues, JGroups talks directly to other nodes over network. Message delivery to other reachable nodes is guaranteed, but if no master node is available, index operations are silently discarded. This backend can be configured to use asynchronous messages, or to wait for each indexing operation to be completed on the remote node before returning.
The JGroups backend can be configured with static master or slave roles, or can be setup to perform an auto-election of the master. This mode is particularly useful to have the system automatically pick a new master in case of failure, but during a reelection process some indexing operations might be lost. For this reason this mode is not suited for use cases requiring strong consistency guarantees. When configured to perform an automatic election, the master node is defined as an hash on the index name: the role is therefore possibly different for each index or shard.
When executing a query, Hibernate Search interacts with the Apache Lucene indexes through a reader strategy. Choosing a reader strategy will depend on the profile of the application (frequent updates, read mostly, asynchronous index update etc). See also Section 3.5, “Reader strategy configuration”
This implementation keeps an IndexReader open and ready to be used by all queries, while a background thread periodically verifies if there is need to open a fresh one, replaces the active one and disposes the outdated one. The frequency of checks - and refreshing - of this background thread is configurable, but defaults to 5000 milliseconds. The drawback of this design is that queries are effectively run on an index snapshot which might be approximately 5 seconds out of date (assuming the refresh period is not reconfigured); the benefit is that if your application writes frequently to the index, the query performance will be more consistent.
The name of this strategy is async
.
You can write your own reader strategy that suits your application needs by implementing org.hibernate.search.reader.ReaderProvider. The implementation must be thread safe.
Let’s start with the most basic configuration question - how do I enable Hibernate Search?
The good news is that Hibernate Search is enabled out of the box when detected on the classpath by
Hibernate ORM. If, for some reason you need to disable it, set
hibernate.search.autoregister_listeners
to false. Note that there is no performance penalty
when the listeners are enabled but no entities are annotated as indexed.
By default, every time an object is inserted, updated or deleted through Hibernate, Hibernate Search updates the according Lucene index. It is sometimes desirable to disable that features if either your index is read-only or if index updates are done in a batch way (see Section 6.3, “Rebuilding the whole index”).
To disable event based indexing, set
hibernate.search.indexing_strategy = manual
In most case, the JMS backend provides the best of both world, a lightweight event based system keeps track of all changes in the system, and the heavyweight indexing process is done by a separate process or machine.
The role of the index manager component is described in Chapter 2, Architecture. Hibernate Search provides two possible implementations for this interface to choose from.
directory-based
: the default implementation which uses the Lucene Directory abstraction to
manage index files.near-real-time
: avoid flushing writes to disk at each commit. This index manager is also
Directory based, but also makes uses of Lucene’s NRT functionality.To select an alternative you specify the property:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexmanager = near-real-time
The default IndexManager implementation. This is the one mostly referred to in this documentation. It is highly configurable and allows you to select different settings for the reader strategy, back ends and directory providers. Refer to Section 3.3, “Directory configuration”, Section 3.4, “Worker configuration” and Section 3.5, “Reader strategy configuration” for more details.
The NRTIndexManager is an extension of the default IndexManager, leveraging the Lucene NRT (Near
Real Time) features for extreme low latency index writes. As a trade-off it requires a non-clustered
and non-shared index. In other words, it will ignore configuration settings for alternative back
ends other than lucene
and will acquire exclusive write locks on the Directory.
To achieve this low latency writes, the IndexWriter will not flush every change to disk. Queries will be allowed to read updated state from the unflushed index writer buffers; the downside of this strategy is that if the application crashes or the IndexWriter is otherwise killed you’ll have to rebuild the indexes as some updates might be lost.
Because of these downsides, and because a master node in cluster can be configured for good performance as well, the NRT configuration is only recommended for non clustered websites with a limited amount of data.
It is also possible to configure a custom IndexManager implementation by specifying the fully qualified class name of your custom implementation. This implementation must have a no-argument constructor:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexmanager = my.corp.myapp.CustomIndexManager
Your custom index manager implementation doesn’t need to use the same components as the default implementations. For example, you can delegate to a remote indexing service which doesn’t expose a Directory interface.
As we have seen in Section 3.2, “Configuring the IndexManager” the default index manager uses Lucene’s notion of a Directory to store the index files. The Directory implementation can be customized and Lucene comes bundled with a file system and an in-memory implementation. DirectoryProvider is the Hibernate Search abstraction around a Lucene Directory and handles the configuration and the initialization of the underlying Lucene resources. Table 3.1, “List of built-in DirectoryProvider” shows the list of the directory providers available in Hibernate Search together with their corresponding options.
To configure your DirectoryProvider you have to understand that each indexed entity is associated to a Lucene index (except of the case where multiple entities share the same index - Section 10.6, “Sharing indexes”). The name of the index is given by the index property of the @Indexed annotation. If the index property is not specified the fully qualified name of the indexed class will be used as name (recommended).
Knowing the index name, you can configure the directory provider and any additional options by using
the prefix hibernate.search.<indexname>
. The name default (hibernate.search.default
) is
reserved and can be used to define properties which apply to all indexes.
Example 3.2, “Configuring directory providers” shows how hibernate.search.default.directory_provider
is used to set the default directory provider to be the filesystem one. hibernate.search.default.indexBase
sets then the default base directory for the indexes. As a result the index for the entity Status is
created in /usr/lucene/indexes/org.hibernate.example.Status
.
The index for the Rule entity, however, is using an in-memory directory, because the default
directory provider for this entity is overridden by the property
hibernate.search.Rules.directory_provider
.
Finally the Action entity uses a custom directory provider CustomDirectoryProvider
specified via
hibernate.search.Actions.directory_provider
.
package org.hibernate.example;
@Indexed
public class Status { ... }
@Indexed(index="Rules")
public class Rule { ... }
@Indexed(index="Actions")
public class Action { ... }
hibernate.search.default.directory_provider = filesystem hibernate.search.default.indexBase = /usr/lucene/indexes hibernate.search.Rules.directory_provider = ram hibernate.search.Actions.directory_provider = com.acme.hibernate.CustomDirectoryProvider
Using the described configuration scheme you can easily define common rules like the directory provider and base directory, and override those defaults later on on a per index basis.
Name and description | Properties |
---|---|
ram: Memory based directory. The directory will be uniquely identified (in the same deployment unit) by the | none |
filesystem: File system based directory. The directory used will be <indexBase>/<indexName> |
|
filesystem-master: File system based directory. Like The recommended value for the refresh period is (at least) 50% higher that the time to copy the information (default 3600 seconds - 60 minutes). Note that the copy is based on an incremental copy mechanism reducing the average copy time. DirectoryProvider typically used on the master node in a JMS back end cluster. The |
|
filesystem-slave: File system based directory. Like The recommended value for the refresh period is (at least) 50% higher that the time to copy the information (default 3600 seconds - 60 minutes). Note that the copy is based on an incremental copy mechanism reducing the average copy time. If a copy is still in progress when refresh period elapses, the second copy operation will be skipped. DirectoryProvider typically used on slave nodes using a JMS back end. The |
|
infinispan: Infinispan based directory. Use it to store the index in a distributed grid, making index changes visible to all elements of the cluster very quickly. Also see Section 3.3.1, “Infinispan Directory configuration” for additional requirements and configuration settings. Infinispan needs a global configuration and additional dependencies; the settings defined here apply to each different index. |
|
If the built-in directory providers do not fit your needs, you can write your own directory provider
by implementing the org.hibernate.store.DirectoryProvider interface. In this case, pass the fully
qualified class name of your provider into the directory_provider
property. You can pass any
additional properties using the prefix hibernate.search.<indexname>
.
Infinispan is a distributed, scalable, cloud friendly data grid platform, which Hibernate Search can use to store the Lucene index. Your application can benefits in this case from Infinispan’s distribution capabilities making index updates available on all nodes with short latency.
This section describes how to configure Hibernate Search to use an Infinispan Lucene Directory.
When using an Infinispan Directory the index is stored in memory and shared across multiple nodes. It is considered a single directory distributed across all participating nodes: if a node updates the index, all other nodes are updated as well. Updates on one node can be immediately searched for in the whole cluster.
The default configuration replicates all data which defines the index across all nodes, thus consuming a significant amount of memory but providing the best query performance. For large indexes it’s suggested to enable data distribution, so that each piece of information is replicated to a subset of all cluster members. The distribution option will reduce the amount of memory required for each node but is less efficient as it will cause high network usage among the nodes.
It is also possible to offload part or most information to a CacheStore
, such as plain filesystem,
Amazon S3, Cassandra, MongoDB or standard relational databases. You can configure it to have a
CacheStore
on each node or have a single centralized one shared by each node.
A popular choice is to use a replicated index aiming to keep the whole index in memory, combined with
a CacheStore
as safety valve in case the index gets larger than expected.
See the Infinispan documentation for all Infinispan configuration options.
To use the Infinispan directory via Maven, add the following dependencies:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-search-orm</artifactId>
<version>5.6.6.Final</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.infinispan</groupId>
<artifactId>infinispan-directory-provider</artifactId>
<version>8.2.4.Final</version>
</dependency>
This dependency changed in Hibernate Search version 5.2.
Previously the DirectoryProvider was provided by the Hibernate Search project and had Maven coordinates 'org.hibernate:hibernate-search-infinispan', but the Infinispan team is now maintaining this extension point so since this version please use the Maven definition as in the previous example.
The version printed above was the latest compatible at the time of publishing this Hibernate Search version: it’s possible that more recently improved versions of Infinispan have been published which are compatible with this same Hibernate Search version.
Even when using an Infinispan directory it’s still recommended to use the JMS Master/Slave or
JGroups backend, because in Infinispan all nodes will share the same index and it is likely that
IndexWriter
instances being active on different nodes will try to acquire the lock on the same
index. So instead of sending updates directly to the index, send it to a JMS queue or JGroups
channel and have a single node apply all changes on behalf of all other nodes.
Configuring a non-default backend is not a requirement but a performance optimization as locks are enabled to have a single node writing.
To configure a JMS slave only the backend must be replaced, the directory provider must be set to
infinispan
; set the same directory provider on the master, they will connect without the need to
setup the copy job across nodes. Using the JGroups backend is very similar - just combine the
backend configuration with the infinispan
directory provider.
The most simple configuration only requires to enable the backend:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].directory_provider = infinispan
That’s all what is needed to get a cluster-replicated index, but the default configuration does not enable any form of permanent persistence for the index; to enable such a feature an Infinispan configuration file should be provided.
To use Infinispan, Hibernate Search requires a CacheManager; it can lookup and reuse an existing CacheManager, via JNDI, or start and manage a new one. In the latter case Hibernate Search will start and stop it ( closing occurs when the Hibernate SessionFactory is closed).
To use and existing CacheManager via JNDI (optional parameter):
hibernate.search.infinispan.cachemanager_jndiname = [jndiname]
To start a new CacheManager from a configuration file (optional parameter):
hibernate.search.infinispan.configuration_resourcename = [infinispan configuration filename]
If both parameters are defined, JNDI will have priority. If none of these is defined, Hibernate
Search will use the default Infinispan configuration included in infinispan-directory-provider.jar
.
This configuration should work fine in most cases but does not store the index in a persistent cache
store.
As mentioned in Table 3.1, “List of built-in DirectoryProvider”, each index makes use of three caches, so three
different caches should be configured as shown in the default-hibernatesearch-infinispan.xml
provided in the infinispan-directory-provider.jar
. Several indexes can share the same caches.
Infinispan relies on JGroups for its networking functionality, so unless you are using Infinispan on a single node, an Infinispan configuration file will refer to a JGroups configuration file. This coupling is not always practical and we provide a property to override the used JGroups configuration file:
hibernate.search.infinispan.configuration.transport_override_resourcename = jgroups-ec2.xml
This allows to just switch the JGroups configuration while keeping the rest of the Infinispan configuration.
The file jgroups-ec2.xml
used in the example above is one of the several JGroups configurations
included in Infinispan. It is a good starting point to run on Amazon EC2 networks. For more details
and examples see usage of pre-configured JGroups stacks
in the Infinispan configuration guide.
It is possible to refine how Hibernate Search interacts with Lucene through the worker configuration. There exist several architectural components and possible extension points. Let’s have a closer look.
First there is a Worker. An implementation of the Worker interface is responsible for receiving all entity changes, queuing them by context and applying them once a context ends. The most intuitive context, especially in connection with ORM, is the transaction. For this reason Hibernate Search will per default use the TransactionalWorker to scope all changes per transaction. One can, however, imagine a scenario where the context depends for example on the number of entity changes or some other application (lifecycle) events. For this reason the Worker implementation is configurable as shown in Table 3.2, “Scope configuration”.
Property | Description |
hibernate.search.worker.scope | The fully qualified class name of the
Worker implementation to use. If this
property is not set, empty or |
hibernate.search.default.worker.* | All configuration properties prefixed with
|
hibernate.search.worker.enlist_in_transaction | Defaults to |
Once a context ends it is time to prepare and apply the index changes. This can be done synchronously or asynchronously from within a new thread. Synchronous updates have the advantage that the index is at all times in sync with the databases. Asynchronous updates, on the other hand, can help to minimize the user response time. The drawback is potential discrepancies between database and index states. Lets look at the configuration options shown in Table 3.3, “Execution configuration”.
The following options can be different on each index; in fact they need the indexName prefix or use
default
to set the default value for all indexes.
Property | Description |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.execution |
|
So far all work is done within the same Virtual Machine (VM), no matter which execution mode. The total amount of work has not changed for the single VM. Luckily there is a better approach, namely delegation. It is possible to send the indexing work to a different server by configuring hibernate.search.default.worker.backend - see Table 3.4, “Backend configuration”. Again this option can be configured differently for each index.
Property | Description |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.backend |
You can also specify the fully qualified name of a class implementing BackendQueueProcessor. This way you can implement your own communication layer. The implementation is responsible for returning a Runnable instance which on execution will process the index work. |
Property | Description |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.jndi.* | Defines the JNDI properties to initiate the InitialContext (if needed). JNDI is only used by the JMS back end. |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.jms.connection_factory | Mandatory for the JMS back end. Defines the JNDI name to
lookup the JMS connection factory from
( |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.jms.queue | Mandatory for the JMS back end. Defines the JNDI name to lookup the JMS queue from. The queue will be used to post work messages. |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.jms.login | Optional for the JMS slaves. Use it when your queue requires login credentials to define your login. |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.worker.jms.login | Optional for the JMS slaves. Use it when your queue requires login credentials to define your password. |
As you probably noticed, some of the shown properties are correlated which means that not all combinations of property values make sense. In fact you can end up with a non-functional configuration. This is especially true for the case that you provide your own implementations of some of the shown interfaces. Make sure to study the existing code before you write your own Worker or BackendQueueProcessor implementation.
This section describes in greater detail how to configure the Master/Slave Hibernate Search architecture.
JMS back end configuration.
Every index update operation is sent to a JMS queue. Index querying operations are executed on a local index copy.
### slave configuration ## DirectoryProvider # (remote) master location hibernate.search.default.sourceBase = /mnt/mastervolume/lucenedirs/mastercopy # local copy location hibernate.search.default.indexBase = /Users/prod/lucenedirs # refresh every half hour hibernate.search.default.refresh = 1800 # appropriate directory provider hibernate.search.default.directory_provider = filesystem-slave ## Backend configuration hibernate.search.default.worker.backend = jms hibernate.search.default.worker.jms.connection_factory = /ConnectionFactory hibernate.search.default.worker.jms.queue = queue/hibernatesearch #optionally authentication credentials: hibernate.search.default.worker.jms.login = myname hibernate.search.default.worker.jms.password = wonttellyou #optional jndi configuration (check your JMS provider for more information) ## Enqueue indexing tasks within an XA transaction with the database (optional) hibernate.search.worker.enlist_in_transaction = true
The enlist_in_transaction
option can be enabled if you need strict guarantees of
indexing work to be stored in the queue within the same transaction of the database
changes, however this will require both the RDBMs datasource and the JMS queue to be XA enabled.
Make sure to use a XA JMS queue and that your database supports XA as we are talking about coordinated transactional systems.
The default for enlist_in_transaction
is false
as often it is desirable to not have
the database transaction fail in case there are issues with indexing.
It is possible to apply compensating operations to the index by implementing a custom
ErrorHandler
(see Section 3.7, “Exception handling”), or simply re-synchronize the whole index
state by starting the MassIndexer (see Section 6.3.2, “Using a MassIndexer”.
A file system local copy is recommended for faster search results.
Every index update operation is taken from a JMS queue and executed. The master index is copied on a regular basis.
### master configuration ## DirectoryProvider # (remote) master location where information is copied to hibernate.search.default.sourceBase = /mnt/mastervolume/lucenedirs/mastercopy # local master location hibernate.search.default.indexBase = /Users/prod/lucenedirs # refresh every half hour hibernate.search.default.refresh = 1800 # appropriate directory provider hibernate.search.default.directory_provider = filesystem-master ## Backend configuration #The backend is not set: use the default one which is 'local'
It is recommended that the refresh period be higher than the expected copy time; if a copy operation is still being performed when the next refresh triggers, the second refresh is skipped: it’s safe to set this value low even when the copy time is not known.
In addition to the Hibernate Search framework configuration, a Message Driven Bean has to be written and set up to process the index works queue through JMS.
@MessageDriven(activationConfig = {
@ActivationConfigProperty(propertyName="destinationType",
propertyValue="javax.jms.Queue"),
@ActivationConfigProperty(propertyName="destination",
propertyValue="queue/hibernatesearch")
} )
public class MDBSearchController extends AbstractJMSHibernateSearchController
implements MessageListener {
@PersistenceContext EntityManager em;
@Override
protected SearchIntegrator getSearchIntegrator() {
FullTextEntityManager fullTextEntityManager = Search.getFullTextEntityManager(em);
return fullTextEntityManager.getSearchFactory().unwrap(SearchIntegrator.class);
}
}
This example inherits from the abstract JMS controller class available in the Hibernate Search
source code and implements a JavaEE MDB. This implementation is given as an example and can be
adjusted to make use of non Java EE Message Driven Beans.
Essentially what you need to do is to connect the specific JMS Queue with the SearchFactory
instance of the EntityManager.
As an advanced alternative, you can implement your own logic by not extending AbstractJMSHibernateSearchController
but rather to use it as an implementation example.
This section describes how to configure the JGroups Master/Slave back end. The master and slave roles are similar to what is illustrated in Section 3.4.1, “JMS Master/Slave back end”, only a different backend (hibernate.search.default.worker.backend) needs to be set.
A specific backend can be configured to act either as a slave using jgroupsSlave
, as a master
using jgroupsMaster
, or can automatically switch between the roles as needed by using jgroups
.
Either you specify a single jgroupsMaster
and a set of jgroupsSlave
instances, or you specify
all instances as jgroups
. Never mix the two approaches!
All backends configured to use JGroups share the same channel. The JGroups JChannel is the main communication link across all nodes participating in the same cluster group; since it is convenient to have just one channel shared across all backends, the Channel configuration properties are not defined on a per-worker section but are defined globally. See Section 3.4.2.4, “JGroups channel configuration”.
Table Table 3.6, “JGroups backend configuration properties” contains all configuration options which can be set
independently on each index backend. These apply to all three variants of the backend:
jgroupsSlave
, jgroupsMaster
, jgroups
. It is very unlikely that you need to change any of these
from their defaults.
Property | Description |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.jgroups.block_waiting_ack | Set to either |
hibernate.search.<indexName>.jgroups.messages_timeout | The timeout of waiting for a single command to be
acknowledged and executed when
|
hibernate.search.<indexName>.jgroups.delegate_backend | The master node receiving indexing operations forwards
them to a standard backend to be performed. Defaults to
|
Every index update operation is sent through a JGroups channel to the master node. Index querying
operations are executed on a local index copy. Enabling the JGroups worker only makes sure the index
operations are sent to the master, you still have to synchronize configuring an appropriate
directory (See filesystem-master
, filesystem-slave
or infinispan
options in Section 3.3, “Directory configuration”).
### slave configuration hibernate.search.default.worker.backend = jgroupsSlave
Every index update operation is taken from a JGroups channel and executed. The master index is copied on a regular basis.
### master configuration hibernate.search.default.worker.backend = jgroupsMaster
This feature is considered experimental. In particular during a re-election process there is a small window of time in which indexing requests could be lost.
In this mode the different nodes will autonomously elect a master node. When a master fails, a new node is elected automatically.
When setting this backend it is expected that all Hibernate Search instances in the same cluster use
the same backend for each specific index: this configuration is an alternative to the static
jgroupsMaster
and jgroupsSlave
approach so make sure to not mix them.
To synchronize the indexes in this configuration avoid filesystem-master
and filesystem-slave
directory providers as their behaviour can not be switched dynamically; use the Infinispan
Directory
instead, which has no need for different configurations on each instance and allows
dynamic switching of writers; see also Section 3.3.1, “Infinispan Directory configuration”.
### automatic configuration hibernate.search.default.worker.backend = jgroups
Should you use jgroups
or the couple jgroupsMaster
, jgroupsSlave
?
The dynamic jgroups
backend is better suited for environments in which your master is more likely
to need to failover to a different machine, as in clouds. The static configuration has the benefit
of keeping the master at a well known location: your architecture might take advantage of it by
sending most write requests to the known master. Also optimisation and MassIndexer operations need
to be triggered on the master node.
Configuring the JGroups channel essentially entails specifying the transport in terms of a network protocol stack. To configure the JGroups transport, point the configuration property hibernate.search.services.jgroups.configurationFile to a JGroups configuration file; this can be either a file path or a Java resource name.
If no property is explicitly specified it is assumed that the JGroups default configuration file
flush-udp.xml
is used. This example configuration is known to work in most scenarios, with the
notable exception of Amazon AWS; refer to the
JGroups manual for more examples and protocol
configuration details.
The default cluster name is Hibernate Search Cluster
which can be configured as seen in Example 3.10, “JGroups cluster name configuration”.
hibernate.search.services.jgroups.clusterName = My-Custom-Cluster-Id
The cluster name is what identifies a group: by changing the name you can run different clusters in the same network in isolation.
For programmatic configurations, one additional option is available to configure the JGroups
channel: to pass an existing channel instance to Hibernate Search directly using the property
hibernate.search.services.jgroups.providedChannel
, as shown in the following example.
import org.hibernate.search.backend.impl.jgroups.JGroupsChannelProvider;
org.jgroups.JChannel channel = ...
Map<String,String> properties = new HashMap<String,String)(1);
properties.put( JGroupsChannelProvider.CHANNEL_INJECT, channel );
EntityManagerFactory emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory( "userPU", properties );
The different reader strategies are described in Section 2.3, “Reader strategy”. Out of the box strategies are:
shared
: share index readers across several queries. This strategy is very efficient.not-shared
: create an index reader for each individual query. Very simple implementation.async
: only opens a new index reader periodically. This is the most efficient implementation, but queries might return out of date values.The default reader strategy is shared
.
You can pick the reader strategy by changing the .reader.strategy
configuration property,
scoped to the "default" index or to a specific index.
For example:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].reader.strategy = async hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].reader.async_refresh_period_ms = 8000
Adding the above properties switches to the async
strategy, and configures it to refresh
the index reader each 8 seconds.
Alternatively you can use a custom implementation of a org.hibernate.search.indexes.spi.ReaderProvider
:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].reader.strategy = my.corp.myapp.CustomReaderProvider
where my.corp.myapp.CustomReaderProvider is the custom strategy implementation.
When using clustering features, Hibernate Search needs to find an implementation of the
SerializationProvider
service on the classpath.
An implementation of the service based on Apache Avro can be found using the following GAV coordinates:
org.hibernate:hibernate-search-serialization-avro:5.6.6.Final
You can add the coordinates to your pom file or download all the required dependecies and add them to your classpath. Hibernate Search will find the service implementation without any additional configuration.
Alternatively, you can create a custom service implementation:
package example.provider.serializer
import org.hibernate.search.indexes.serialization.spi.Deserializer;
import org.hibernate.search.indexes.serialization.spi.SerializationProvider;
import org.hibernate.search.indexes.serialization.spi.Serializer;
public class ExampleOfSerializationProvider implements SerializationProvider {
@Override
public Serializer getSerializer() {
Serializer serializer = ...
return serializer;
}
@Override
public Deserializer getDeserializer() {
Deserializer deserializer = ...
return deserializer;
}
}
Hibernate Search uses the Java ServiceLoader mechanism to transparently discover services. In this case you will add the following file in your classpath:
/META-INF/services/org.hibernate.search.indexes.serialization.spi.SerializationProvider
example.provider.serializer.ExampleOfSerializationProvider
You will find more details about services in the section Section 10.7, “Using external services”.
Hibernate Search allows you to configure how exceptions are handled during the indexing process. If no configuration is provided then exceptions are logged to the log output by default. It is possible to explicitly declare the exception logging mechanism as seen below:
hibernate.search.error_handler = log
The default exception handling occurs for both synchronous and asynchronous indexing. Hibernate Search provides an easy mechanism to override the default error handling implementation.
In order to provide your own implementation you must implement the ErrorHandler interface, which provides the handle(ErrorContext context) method. ErrorContext provides a reference to the primary LuceneWork instance, the underlying exception and any subsequent LuceneWork instances that could not be processed due to the primary exception.
public interface ErrorContext {
List<LuceneWork> getFailingOperations();
LuceneWork getOperationAtFault();
Throwable getThrowable();
boolean hasErrors();
}
To register this error handler with Hibernate Search you must declare the fully qualified classname of your ErrorHandler implementation in the configuration properties:
hibernate.search.error_handler = CustomerErrorHandler
Alternatively, an ErrorHandler instance may be passed via the configuration value map used when bootstrapping Hibernate Search programmatically.
Even though Hibernate Search will try to shield you as much as possible from Lucene specifics, there are several Lucene specifics which can be directly configured, either for performance reasons or for satisfying a specific use case. The following sections discuss these configuration options.
Hibernate Search allows you to tune the Lucene indexing performance by specifying a set of
parameters which are passed through to underlying Lucene IndexWriter
such as mergeFactor
,
maxMergeDocs
and maxBufferedDocs
. You can specify these parameters either as default values
applying for all indexes, on a per index basis, or even per shard.
There are several low level IndexWriter
settings which can be tuned for different use cases.
These parameters are grouped by the indexwriter
keyword:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.<parameter_name>
If no value is set for an indexwriter
value in a specific shard configuration, Hibernate Search
will look at the index section, then at the default section.
hibernate.search.Animals.2.indexwriter.max_merge_docs = 10 hibernate.search.Animals.2.indexwriter.merge_factor = 20 hibernate.search.Animals.2.indexwriter.max_buffered_docs = default hibernate.search.default.indexwriter.max_merge_docs = 100 hibernate.search.default.indexwriter.ram_buffer_size = 64
The configuration in Example 3.14, “Example performance option configuration” will result in these settings applied on the second shard of the Animal index:
max_merge_docs
= 10merge_factor
= 20ram_buffer_size
= 64MBmax_buffered_docs
= Lucene defaultAll other values will use the defaults defined in Lucene.
The default for all values is to leave them at Lucene’s own default. The values listed in
Table 3.7, “List of indexing performance and behavior properties” depend for this reason on the version of Lucene you are using.
The values shown are relative to version 2.4
. For more information about Lucene indexing performance,
please refer to the Lucene documentation.
Property | Description | Default Value |
---|---|---|
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].exclusive_index_use | Set to |
|
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].max_queue_length | Each index has a separate "pipeline" which contains the updates to be applied to the index.
When this queue is full adding more operations to the queue becomes a blocking operation. Configuring
this setting doesn’t make much sense unless the |
|
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].index_flush_interval | The interval in milliseconds between flushes
of write operations to the index storage. Ignored unless |
|
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_buffered_delete_terms | Determines the minimal number of delete terms required before the buffered in-memory delete terms are applied and flushed. If there are documents buffered in memory at the time, they are merged and a new segment is created. | Disabled (flushes by RAM usage) |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_buffered_docs | Controls the amount of documents buffered in memory during indexing. The bigger the more RAM is consumed. | Disabled (flushes by RAM usage) |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_merge_docs | Defines the largest number of documents allowed in a segment. Smaller values perform better on frequently changing indexes, larger values provide better search performance if the index does not change often. | Unlimited (Integer.MAX_VALUE) |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_factor | Controls segment merge frequency and size. Determines how often segment indexes are merged when insertion occurs. With smaller values, less RAM is used while indexing, and searches on unoptimized indexes are faster, but indexing speed is slower. With larger values, more RAM is used during indexing, and while searches on unoptimized indexes are slower, indexing is faster. Thus larger values (> 10) are best for batch index creation, and smaller values (< 10) for indexes that are interactively maintained. The value must not be lower than 2. | 10 |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_min_size | Controls segment merge frequency and size. Segments smaller than this size (in MB) are always
considered for the next segment merge operation.
Setting this too large might result in expensive merge operations, even tough they are less frequent.
See also | 0 MB (actually ~1K) |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_max_size | Controls segment merge frequency and size. Segments larger than this size (in MB) are never merged
in bigger segments. This helps reduce memory requirements and avoids some merging operations at the
cost of optimal search speed. When optimizing an index this value is ignored.
See also | Unlimited |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_max_optimize_size | Controls segment merge frequency and size. Segments larger than this size (in MB) are not merged
in bigger segments even when optimizing the index (see | Unlimited |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_calibrate_by_deletes | Controls segment merge frequency and size. Set to |
|
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.ram_buffer_size | Controls the amount of RAM in MB dedicated to document buffers. When used together max_buffered_docs a flush occurs for whichever event happens first. Generally for faster indexing performance it’s best to flush by RAM usage instead of document count and use as large a RAM buffer as you can. | 16 MB |
hibernate.search.enable_dirty_check | Not all entity changes require an update of the Lucene index. If all of the updated entity
properties (dirty properties) are not indexed Hibernate Search will skip the re-indexing work.
Disable this option if you use a custom | true |
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.infostream | Enable low level trace information about Lucene’s internal components. Will cause significant performance degradation: should only be used for troubleshooting purposes. | false |
When your architecture permits it, always keep
hibernate.search.default.exclusive_index_use=true
as it greatly improves efficiency in index
writing. This is the default since Hibernate Search version 4.
To tune the indexing speed it might be useful to time the object loading from database in isolation
from the writes to the index. To achieve this set the blackhole
as worker backend and start your
indexing routines. This backend does not disable Hibernate Search: it will still generate the needed
changesets to the index, but will discard them instead of flushing them to the index. In contrast to
setting the hibernate.search.indexing_strategy
to manual
, using blackhole
will possibly
load more data from the database because associated entities are re-indexed as well.
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].worker.backend blackhole
The recommended approach is to focus first on optimizing the object loading by enabling the blackhole
backend,
and then use the timings you achieve as a baseline to tune the indexing process.
The blackhole
backend is not meant to be used in production, only as a tool to identify indexing
bottlenecks.
The options merge_max_size
, merge_max_optimize_size
, merge_calibrate_by_deletes
give you control on the maximum size of the segments being created, but you need to understand how
they affect file sizes. If you need to hard limit the size, consider that merging a segment is about
adding it together with another existing segment to form a larger one, so you might want to set the
max_size
for merge operations to less than half of your hard limit. Also segments might
initially be generated larger than your expected size at first creation time: before they are ever
merged. A segment is never created much larger than ram_buffer_size
, but the threshold is
checked as an estimate.
Example:
//to be fairly confident no files grow above 15MB, use: hibernate.search.default.indexwriter.ram_buffer_size = 10 hibernate.search.default.indexwriter.merge_max_optimize_size = 7 hibernate.search.default.indexwriter.merge_max_size = 7
When using the Infinispan Directory to cluster indexes make sure that your segments are smaller than
the chunk_size
so that you avoid fragmenting segments in the grid. Note that the
chunk_size
of the Infinispan Directory is expressed in bytes, while the index tuning options
are in MB.
Apache Lucene allows to log a very detailed trace log from its internals using a feature called "infostream". To access these details, Hibernate Search can be configured to capture this internal trace from Apache Lucene and redirect it to your logger.
TRACE
level logging for the category org.hibernate.search.backend.lucene.infostream
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.infostream=true
Keep in mind that this feature has a performance cost, and although most logger frameworks allow the TRACE
level to be reconfigured at runtime,
enabling the infostream
property will slow you down even if the logger is disabled.
Lucene Directorys have default locking strategies which work generally good enough for most cases, but it’s possible to specify for each index managed by Hibernate Search a specific LockingFactory you want to use. This is generally not needed but could be useful.
Some of these locking strategies require a filesystem level lock and may be used even on RAM based
indexes, this combination is valid but in this case the indexBase
configuration option usually
needed only for filesystem based Directory instances must be specified to point to a filesystem
location where to store the lock marker files.
To select a locking factory, set the hibernate.search.<index>.locking_strategy
option to
one of simple
, native
, single
or none
. Alternatively set it to the fully qualified name of
an implementation of org.hibernate.search.store.LockFactoryProvider
.
name | Class | Description |
---|---|---|
simple | org.apache.lucene.store.SimpleFSLockFactory | Safe implementation based on Java’s File API, it marks the usage of the index by creating a marker file. If for some reason you had to kill your application, you will need to remove this file before restarting it. |
native | org.apache.lucene.store.NativeFSLockFactory | As does This implementation has known problems on NFS, avoid it on network shares.
|
single | org.apache.lucene.store.SingleInstanceLockFactory | This LockFactory doesn’t use a file marker but is a Java object lock held in memory; therefore it’s possible to use it only when you are sure the index is not going to be shared by any other process. This is the default implementation for the |
none | org.apache.lucene.store.NoLockFactory | All changes to this index are not coordinated by any lock; test your application carefully and make sure you know what it means. |
Configuration example:
hibernate.search.default.locking_strategy = simple hibernate.search.Animals.locking_strategy = native hibernate.search.Books.locking_strategy = org.custom.components.MyLockingFactory
The Infinispan Directory uses a custom implementation; it’s still possible to override it but make sure you understand how that will work, especially with clustered indexes.
While Hibernate Search strives to offer a backwards compatible API making it easy to port your application to newer versions, it still delegates to Apache Lucene to handle the index writing and searching. This creates a dependency to the Lucene index format. The Lucene developers of course attempt to keep a stable index format, but sometimes a change in the format can not be avoided. In those cases you either have to re-index all your data or use an index upgrade tool. Sometimes Lucene is also able to read the old format so you don’t need to take specific actions (besides making backup of your index).
While an index format incompatibility is a rare event, it can happen more often that Lucene’s Analyzer implementations might slightly change its behavior. This can lead to a poor recall score, possibly missing many hits from the results.
Hibernate Search exposes a configuration property hibernate.search.lucene_version
which
instructs the analyzers and other Lucene classes to conform to their behavior as defined in an
(older) specific version of Lucene. See also org.apache.lucene.util.Version
contained in the
lucene-core.jar. Depending on the specific version of Lucene you’re using you might have different
options available. When this option is not specified, Hibernate Search will instruct Lucene to use
the default version, which is usually the best option for new projects. Still it’s recommended to
define the version you’re using explicitly in the configuration so that when you happen to upgrade
Lucene the analyzers will not change behavior. You can then choose to update this value at a later
time, when you for example have the chance to rebuild the index from scratch.
hibernate.search.lucene_version = LUCENE_47
This option is global for the configured SearchFactory and affects all Lucene APIs having such a parameter, as this should be applied consistently. So if you are also making use of Lucene bypassing Hibernate Search, make sure to apply the same value too.
After looking at all these different configuration options, it is time to have a look at an API
which allows you to programmatically access parts of the configuration. Via the metadata API you can
determine the indexed types and also how they are mapped (see Chapter 4, Mapping entities to the index structure) to the index
structure. The entry point into this API is the SearchFactory. It offers two methods, namely
getIndexedTypes()
and getIndexedTypeDescriptor(Class<?>)
. The former returns a set of all
indexed type, where as the latter allows to retrieve a so called IndexedTypeDescriptorfor a given
type. This descriptor allows you determine whether the type is indexed at all and, if so, whether
the index is for example sharded or not (see Section 10.5, “Sharding indexes”). It also allows you to
determine the static boost of the type (see Section 4.2.1, “Static index time boosting”) as well as its dynamic
boost strategy (see Section 4.2.2, “Dynamic index time boosting”). Most importantly, however, you get information about
the indexed properties and generated Lucene Document fields. This is exposed via PropertyDescriptors
respectively FieldDescriptors. The easiest way to get to know the API is to explore it via the IDE
or its javadocs.
All descriptor instances of the metadata API are read only. They do not allow to change any runtime configuration.
Hibernate Search is included in the WildFly application server, and since WildFly 10 the module is automatically activated (added to the classpath of your deployment) if you have any indexed entities.
Alternatively you can opt to use a different version of the module by downloading and unzipping a different
moduleset and setting the wildfly.jpa.hibernate.search.module
property in your persistence.xml
.
The modules system in WildFly allows to safely run multiple versions of Hibernate ORM and Hibernate Search in parallel, but if you download an alternative version make sure the Hibernate Search version you choose is compatible with the Hibernate ORM version you choose.
The activation of the Hibernate Search modules in wildfly is automatic, provided you’re having at least one
entity annotated with org.hibernate.search.annotations.Indexed
.
You can control this behaviour of the JPA deployer explicitly; for example to make sure Hibernate Search
and Apache Lucene classes are available to your application even though you haven’t annotated any entity,
set the following property in your persistence.xml
:
wildfly.jpa.hibernate.search.module=org.hibernate.search.orm:main
You can also download the latest Hibernate Search provided module and install it. This is often the best approach as you will benefit from all the latest improvements of Hibernate Search. Because of the modular design in WildFly, these additional modules can coexist with the embedded modules and won’t affect any other application, unless you explicitly reconfigure it to use the newer module.
You can download the latest pre-packaged Hibernate Search modules from Sourceforge. As a convenience these zip files are also distributed as Maven artifacts: org.hibernate:hibernate-search-modules-5.6.6.Final-wildfly-10-dist:zip.
Unpack the modules in your WildFly modules
directory: this will create modules for Hibernate Search and Apache Lucene.
The Hibernate Search modules are:
Next you will need to make sure the JPA deployer of WildFly provides you with the version you have chosen, instead of the default version
bundled with the application server.
Set the following property in your persistence.xml
:
wildfly.jpa.hibernate.search.module=org.hibernate.search.orm:5.6.6.Final
See also the WildFly JPA configuration
This version of Hibernate Search 5.6.6.Final
requires Hibernate ORM 5.
At the time of writing this paragraph the only version of WildFly compatible with Hibernate ORM 5 is WildFly version 10.
If you need an Hibernate Search version for WildFly versions 9 or earlier, you can either include a version of Hibernate ORM 5 in custom modules, but this requires some expertise with the modules system; In such a scenario it might be easier to use a previous version of Hibernate Search, or simply use the Hibernate Search version included in each WildFly release (see Section 3.10.1, “Use the Hibernate Search version included in WildFly”).
More information about the modules configuration in WildFly can be found in the Class Loading in WildFly 10 wiki.
Modular classloading is a feature of JBoss EAP 6 as well, but if you are using JBoss EAP, you’re reading the wrong version of the user guide! JBoss EAP subscriptions include official support for Hibernate Search and come with a different edition of this guide specifically tailored for EAP users.
The Infinispan project is also included in WildFly so you can use the feature without additional downloads.
If you are updating the version of Hibernate Search in WildFly as described in the previous paragraph,
you might need to update Infinispan as well.
The process is very similar: download the modules from
Infinispan project downloads, picking a compatible version,
and decompress the modules into the modules
directory of your WildFly installation.
Hibernate Search version 5.6.6.Final
was compiled and tested with Infinispan version
8.2.4.Final
; generally a more recent version of either project is expected to be backwards
compatible for cross-project integration purposes as long as they have the same "major.minor" family
version.
For example for a version of Hibernate Search depending on Infinispan 7.0.3.Final
it should be
safe to upgrade Infinispan to 7.0.6.Final
, but an upgrade to 7.1.0.Final
might not work.
In Chapter 1, Getting started you have already seen that all the metadata information needed to index entities is described through annotations. There is no need for XML mapping files. You can still use Hibernate mapping files for the basic Hibernate configuration, but the Hibernate Search specific configuration has to be expressed via annotations.
There is no XML configuration available for Hibernate Search but we provide a programmatic mapping API that elegantly replaces this kind of deployment form (see Section 4.7, “Programmatic API” for more information).
If you want to contribute the XML mapping implementation, see HSEARCH-210.
Lets start with the most commonly used annotations when mapping an entity.
Foremost you must declare a persistent class as indexable by annotating the class with @Indexed.
All entities not annotated with @Indexed
will be ignored by the indexing process.
@Indexed
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Essay {
...
}
You can optionally specify the Indexed.index
attribute to change the default name of the index.
For more information regarding index naming see Section 3.3, “Directory configuration”.
You can also specify an optional indexing interceptor. For more information see conditional indexing.
For each property of your entity, you have the ability to describe whether and how it
will be indexed. Adding the @Field
annotation declares a property as indexed and allows you to
configure various aspects of the indexing process. Without @Field
the property is ignored by
the indexing process.
Hibernate Search tries to determine the best way to index your property. In most
cases this will be as string, but for the types int, long, double and float (and their respective
Java wrapper types) Lucene’s numeric field encoding (see Section 4.1.1.3, “@NumericField”) is used.
This numeric encoding uses a so called Trie structure which
allows for efficient range queries and sorting, resulting in query response times
being orders of magnitude faster than with the plain string encoding. Byte and short properties
will only be encoded in numeric fields if explicitly marked with the @NumericField
annotation.
Prior to Search 5, numeric field encoding was only chosen if explicitly requested via @NumericField
.
As of Search 5 this encoding is automatically chosen for numeric types. To avoid numeric encoding
you can explicitly specify a non numeric field bridge via @Field.bridge
or @FieldBridge
. The
package org.hibernate.search.bridge.builtin
contains a set of bridges which encode numbers as strings,
for example org.hibernate.search.bridge.builtin.IntegerBridge
.
The following attributes of the @Field
annotation help you control the indexing outcome:
name
: describes under which name the property should be stored in the Lucene Document. The
default value is the property name (following the JavaBeans convention)store
: describes whether or not the property is stored in the Lucene index. You can store the
value Store.YES
(consuming more space in the index but allowing projection),
store it in a compressed way Store.COMPRESS
(this does consume more CPU), or avoid any storage
Store.NO
(this is the default value). When a property is stored, you can retrieve its original
value from the Lucene Document. Storing the property has no impact on whether the value is
searchable or not.index
: describes whether the property is indexed or not. The different values are Index.NO
(no indexing, meaning the value cannot be found by a query), Index.YES
(the element gets indexed
and is searchable). The default value is Index.YES
. Index.NO
can be useful for cases where a
property is not required to be searchable, but needed for projection.
Index.NO
in combination with Analyze.YES
or Norms.YES
is not useful, since analyze and norms
require the property to be indexed
analyze
: determines whether the property is analyzed (Analyze.YES
) or not (Analyze.NO
).
The default value is Analyze.YES
.
Whether or not you want to analyze a property depends on whether you wish to search the element as is, or by the words it contains. It make sense to analyze a text field, but probably not a date field.
Fields used for sorting or faceting must not be analyzed.
norms
: describes whether index time boosting information should be stored (Norms.YES
) or
not (Norms.NO
). Not storing the norms can save a considerable amount of memory, but index time
boosting will not be available in this case. The default value is Norms.YES
.termVector
: describes collections of term-frequency pairs. This attribute enables the storing
of the term vectors within the documents during indexing. The default value is TermVector.NO
.
The different values of this attribute are:
Value | Definition |
---|---|
| Store the term vectors of each document. This produces two synchronized arrays, one contains document terms and the other contains the term’s frequency. |
| Do not store term vectors. |
| Store the term vector and token offset information.
This is the same as |
| Store the term vector and token position
information. This is the same as |
| Store the term vector, token position and offset
information. This is a combination of the |
indexNullAs
: Per default null values are ignored and not indexed. However, using indexNullAs
you can specify a string which will be inserted as token for the null value. Per default this value
is set to org.hibernate.search.annotations.Field.DO_NOT_INDEX_NULL
indicating that null values
should not be indexed. You can set this value to DEFAULT_NULL_TOKEN
to indicate that a default null
token should be used. This default null token can be specified in the configuration using
hibernate.search.default_null_token
. If this property is not set the string _null_
will
be used as default.
When the field is of a Numeric Type (see Section 4.1.1.3, “@NumericField”), the token will be encoded as the
respective numeric type: the indexNullAs
value needs to be set to a value which can be parsed into
a number of the matching type, for example "-1".
When indexNullAs
is used, it is important to use the chosen null token in search queries (see
Chapter 5, Querying) in order to find null values. It is also advisable to use this feature only with
un-analyzed fields (analyze=Analyze.NO
).
When implementing a custom FieldBridge
or TwoWayFieldBridge
it is up to the developer to handle the
indexing of null values (see JavaDocs of LuceneOptions.indexNullAs()
).
boost
: Refer to section about boostingbridge
: Refer to section about field bridges@NumericField
is a companion annotation to @Field
. It can be specified in the
same scope as @Field
, but only on properties of numeric type like byte, short, int, long, double and float
(and their respective Java wrapper types). It allows to define a custom precisionStep
for the
numeric encoding of the property value.
@NumericField
accepts the following parameters:
Value | Definition |
---|---|
| (Optional) Specify the name of of the related |
| (Optional) Change the way that the Trie structure is
stored in the index. Smaller |
Lucene supports the numeric types: Double
, Long
, Integer
and Float
. For properties of types
Byte
and Short
, an Integer
field will be used in the index. Other numeric types
should use the default string encoding (via @Field
), unless the application can deal with a
potential loss in precision, in which case a custom NumericFieldBridge
can be used. See
Example 4.2, “Defining a custom NumericFieldBridge for BigDecimal
”.
BigDecimal
public class BigDecimalNumericFieldBridge extends NumericFieldBridge {
private static final BigDecimal storeFactor = BigDecimal.valueOf(100);
@Override
public void set(String name, Object value, Document document, LuceneOptions luceneOptions) {
if ( value != null ) {
BigDecimal decimalValue = (BigDecimal) value;
long tmpLong = decimalValue.multiply( storeFactor ).longValue();
Long indexedValue = Long.valueOf( tmpLong );
luceneOptions.addNumericFieldToDocument( name, indexedValue, document );
}
}
@Override
public Object get(String name, Document document) {
String fromLucene = document.get( name );
BigDecimal storedBigDecimal = new BigDecimal( fromLucene );
return storedBigDecimal.divide( storeFactor );
}
}
You would use this custom bridge like seen in Example 4.3, “Use of BigDecimalNumericFieldBridge
”. In this
case three annotations are used - @Field
, @NumericField
and @FieldBridge
. @Field
is required
to mark the property for being indexed (a standalone @NumericField
is never allowed).
@NumericField
might be omitted in this specific case, because the used @FieldBridge
annotation
refers already to a NumericFieldBridge
instance. However, the use of @NumericField
makes the
use of the property as numeric value explicit.
BigDecimalNumericFieldBridge
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Item {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private int id;
@Field
@NumericField
@FieldBridge(impl = BigDecimalNumericFieldBridge.class)
private BigDecimal price;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public BigDecimal getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(BigDecimal price) {
this.price = price;
}
}
As of Lucene 5 (and thus Hibernate Search 5.5) it is highly recommended to create a so-called "doc value field"
for each field to sort on. Hibernate Search provides the @SortableField
annotation for that purpose.
This is an extension annotation to @Field
and marks a field as sortable (internally, the required doc value
field will be added to the index).
@SortableField
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Book {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private int id;
@Field(name="Abstract", analyze=Analyze.NO)
@SortableField
private String summary;
// ...
}
If there is a single @Field
declared for a given property, @SortableField
implicitly applies to this field.
In case several fields exist for a single property, the @Field
to be marked as sortable can be specified
via @SortableField#forField()
. Several sortable fields can be defined with help of the @SortableFields
annotation.
The field to be marked as sortable must not be analyzed.
Note that sorting also works if a property is not explicitly marked with @SortableField
. This has negative runtime
performance and memory consumption implications, though. Therefore it is highly recommended to explicitly mark each
field to be used for sorting.
Should you want to make a property sortable but not searchable, still an @Field
needs to be declared (so its field
bridge configuration can be inherited). It can be marked with store = Store.NO
and index = Index.NO
, causing
only the doc value field required for sorting to be added, but not a regular index field.
Fields added through class-level bridges or custom field-level bridges (when not using the default field name) cannot
be marked as sortable by means of the @SortableField
annotation. Instead the field bridge itself has to add the
required doc value fields, in addition to the document fields it adds. Furthermore such bridge needs to implement the
MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
interface which defines a method configureFieldMetadata()
for marking the fields
created by this bridge as sortable:
/***
* Custom field bridge for a Map property which creates sortable fields
* with the values of two keys from the map.
*/
public class MyClassBridge implements MetadataProvidingFieldBridge {
@Override
public void set(String name, Object value,
Document document, LuceneOptions luceneOps) {
Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) value;
String firstName = map.get( "firstName" );
String lastName = map.get( "lastName" );
// add regular document fields
luceneOps.addFieldToDocument( name + "_firstName", lastName, document );
luceneOps.addFieldToDocument( name + "_lastName", lastName, document );
// add doc value fields to allow for sorting
document.add( new SortedDocValuesField(
name + "_firstName", new BytesRef( firstName ) ) );
document.add( new SortedDocValuesField(
name + "_lastName", new BytesRef( lastName ) ) );
}
@Override
public void configureFieldMetadata(String name, FieldMetadataBuilder builder) {
builder
.field( name + "_firstName", FieldType.STRING )
.sortable( true )
.field( name + "_lastName", FieldType.STRING )
.sortable( true );
}
}
The meta-data configured through configureFieldMetadata()
will be used for sort validation upon query execution. The
name passed to the method is the default field name also passed to set()
. It needs to be used consistently with
set()
, e.g. as a prefix for all custom fields added.
The MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
contract is under active development and considered experimental at this time. It
may be altered in future revisions, e.g. by adding further methods, thus breaking existing implementations.
By default Hibernate Search will transparently create an uninverting index reader when running a query with sorts not covered by the sortable fields configured as described above. While this allows to execute the query, relying on index uninverting negatively impacts performance.
You thus can optionally advice Hibernate Search to raise an exception when detecting uncovered sorts. To do so, specify the following option:
hibernate.search.index_uninverting_allowed = false
You e.g. may set this to false
during testing to identify the sortable fields required for your queries and set it to
true
in production environments to fall back to index uninverting for uncovered sorts accidentally left over.
Finally, the id property of an entity is a special property used by Hibernate Search to ensure index
unicity of a given entity. By design, an id has to be stored and must not be tokenized. It is also
always string encoded, even if the id is a number. To mark a property as index id, use the
@DocumentId
annotation. If you are using JPA and you are using @Id
you can omit @DocumentId
.
The chosen entity id will also be used as document id.
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Essay {
...
@Id
@DocumentId
public Long getId() { return id; }
@Field(name="Abstract", store=Store.YES)
public String getSummary() { return summary; }
@Lob
@Field
public String getText() { return text; }
@Field
@NumericField(precisionStep = 6)
public float getGrade() { return grade; }
}
Example 4.7, “Specifying indexed properties” defines an index with four fields: id
, Abstract
, text
and
grade
. Note that by default the field name is de-capitalized, following the JavaBean
specification. The grade
field is annotated as numeric with a slightly larger precisionStep
than
the default.
It is not recommended to sort on the id field as it will lead to erratic behaviors. If you want to sort on your
document id, it is recommended to declare another field specifically for sorting using the @Field
annotation.
Sometimes one has to map a property multiple times per index, with slightly different indexing
strategies. For example, sorting a query by field requires the field to be un-analyzed. If one wants
to search by words in this property and still sort it, one need to index it twice - once analyzed
and once un-analyzed. @Fields
allows to achieve this goal.
@Fields
to map a property multiple times@Entity
@Indexed(index = "Book")
public class Book {
@Fields( {
@Field,
@Field(name = "summary_forSort", analyze = Analyze.NO, store = Store.YES)
} )
@SortableField(forField = "summary_forSort")
public String getSummary() {
return summary;
}
// ...
}
In Example 4.8, “Using @Fields
to map a property multiple times” the field summary
is indexed twice, once as summary
in a
tokenized way, and once as summary_forSort
in an un-tokenized way. @Field
supports 2 attributes
useful when @Fields
is used:
analyzer
: defines a @Analyzer
annotation per field rather than per propertybridge
: defines a @FieldBridge
annotation per field rather than per propertySee below for more information about analyzers and field bridges.
Associated objects as well as embedded objects can be indexed as part of the root entity index. This is useful if you expect to search a given entity based on properties of the associated objects.
In the example Example 4.9, “Indexing associations” the aim is to return places where the associated
city is Atlanta (in Lucene query parser language, it would translate into address.city:Atlanta
).
All place fields are added to the Place
index, but also the address related fields address.street
,
and address.city
will be added and made queryable. The embedded object id,
address.id
, is not added per default. To include it you need to also set
@IndexedEmbedded(includeEmbeddedObjectId=true, …)
.
Only actual indexed fields (properties annotated with @Field
) are added to the root entity index
when embedded objects are indexed. The embedded object identifiers are treated differently and need to
be included explicitly.
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Place {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Field
private String name;
@OneToOne(cascade = { CascadeType.PERSIST, CascadeType.REMOVE })
@IndexedEmbedded
private Address address;
....
}
@Entity
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Field
private String street;
@Field
private String city;
@ContainedIn
@OneToMany(mappedBy="address")
private Set<Place> places;
...
}
Be careful. Because the data is de-normalized in the Lucene index when using the @IndexedEmbedded
technique, Hibernate Search needs to be aware of any change in the Place
object and any change in
the Address
object to keep the index up to date. To make sure the Place
Lucene document is updated
when it’s Address
changes, you need to mark the other side of the bidirectional relationship with
@ContainedIn
.
@ContainedIn
is useful on both associations pointing to entities and on embedded (collection of)
objects.
Let’s make Example 4.9, “Indexing associations” a bit more complex by nesting @IndexedEmbedded
as seen
in Example 4.10, “Nested usage of @IndexedEmbedded
and @ContainedIn
”.
@IndexedEmbedded
and @ContainedIn
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Place {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Field
private String name;
@OneToOne(cascade = { CascadeType.PERSIST, CascadeType.REMOVE })
@IndexedEmbedded
private Address address;
// ...
}
@Entity
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Field
private String street;
@Field
private String city;
@IndexedEmbedded(depth = 1, prefix = "ownedBy_")
private Owner ownedBy;
@ContainedIn
@OneToMany(mappedBy="address")
private Set<Place> places;
// ...
}
@Embeddable
public class Owner {
@Field
private String name;
// ...
}
As you can see, any @*ToMany
, @*ToOne
or @Embedded
attribute can be annotated with
@IndexedEmbedded
. The attributes of the associated class will then be added to the main entity
index. In Example 4.10, “Nested usage of @IndexedEmbedded
and @ContainedIn
” the index will contain the following fields
id
name
address.street
address.city
address.ownedBy_name
The default prefix is propertyName.
, following the traditional object navigation convention. You
can override it using the prefix
attribute as it is shown on the ownedBy
property.
The prefix cannot be set to the empty string.
The depth
property is necessary when the object graph contains a cyclic dependency of classes (not
instances). For example, if Owner
points to Place
. Hibernate Search will stop including indexed
embedded attributes after reaching the expected depth (or the object graph boundaries are reached).
A class having a self reference is an example of cyclic dependency. In our example, because depth
is set to 1, any @IndexedEmbedded
attribute in Owner
(if any) will be ignored.
Using @IndexedEmbedded
for object associations allows you to express queries (using Lucene’s query
syntax) such as:
+name:jboss +address.city:atlanta
+name:jboss +address.ownedBy_name:joe
In a way it mimics the relational join operation in a more efficient way (at the cost of data duplication). Remember that, out of the box, Lucene indexes have no notion of association, the join operation is simply non-existent. It might help to keep the relational model normalized while benefiting from the full text index speed and feature richness.
An associated object can itself (but does not have to) be @Indexed
When @IndexedEmbedded
points to an entity, the association has to be directional and the other side
has to be annotated with @ContainedIn
. If not, Hibernate Search has
no way to update the root index when the associated entity is updated (in our example, a Place
index document has to be updated when the associated Address
instance is updated).
Sometimes, the object type annotated by @IndexedEmbedded
is not the object type targeted by
Hibernate and Hibernate Search. This is especially the case when interfaces are used in lieu of
their implementation. For this reason you can override the object type targeted by Hibernate Search
using the targetElement
parameter.
targetElement
property of @IndexedEmbedded
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Field
private String street;
@IndexedEmbedded(depth = 1, prefix = "ownedBy_", targetElement = Owner.class)
@Target(Owner.class)
private Person ownedBy;
// ...
}
@Embeddable
public class Owner implements Person { ... }
The @IndexedEmbedded
annotation provides also an attribute includePaths
which can be used as an
alternative to depth
, or in combination with it.
When using only depth
all indexed fields of the embedded type will be added recursively at the same
depth; this makes it harder to pick only a specific path without adding all other fields as well,
which might not be needed.
To avoid unnecessarily loading and indexing entities you can specify exactly which paths are needed.
A typical application might need different depths for different paths, or in other words it might
need to specify paths explicitly, as shown in Example 4.12, “Using the includePaths
property of @IndexedEmbedded
”
includePaths
property of @IndexedEmbedded
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Person {
@Id
public int getId() {
return id;
}
@Field
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Field
public String getSurname() {
return surname;
}
@OneToMany
@IndexedEmbedded(includePaths = { "name" })
public Set<Person> getParents() {
return parents;
}
@ContainedIn
@ManyToOne
public Human getChild() {
return child;
}
// ... other fields omitted
Using a mapping as in Example 4.12, “Using the includePaths
property of @IndexedEmbedded
”, you would be able to search on a Person
by
name
and/or surname
, and/or the name
of the parent. It will not index the surname
of the
parent, so searching on parent’s surnames will not be possible but speeds up indexing, saves space
and improve overall performance.
The @IndexedEmbedded.includePaths
will include the specified paths in addition to what you would
index normally specifying a limited value for depth. Using includePaths
with a undefined (default)
value for depth
is equivalent to setting depth=0
: only the included paths are indexed.
includePaths
property of @IndexedEmbedded
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Human {
@Id
public int getId() {
return id;
}
@Field
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Field
public String getSurname() {
return surname;
}
@OneToMany
@IndexedEmbedded(depth = 2, includePaths = { "parents.parents.name" })
public Set<Human> getParents() {
return parents;
}
@ContainedIn
@ManyToOne
public Human getChild() {
return child;
}
// ... other fields omitted
In Example 4.13, “Using the includePaths
property of @IndexedEmbedded
”, every human will have it’s name and surname attributes
indexed. The name and surname of parents will be indexed too, recursively up to second line because
of the depth
attribute. It will be possible to search by name or surname, of the person directly,
his parents or of his grand parents. Beyond the second level, we will in addition index one more
level but only the name, not the surname.
This results in the following fields in the index:
id
- as primary key_hibernate_class
- stores entity typename
- as direct fieldsurname
- as direct fieldparents.name
- as embedded field at depth 1parents.surname
- as embedded field at depth 1parents.parents.name
- as embedded field at depth 2parents.parents.surname
- as embedded field at depth 2parents.parents.parents.name
- as additional path as specified by includePaths. The first
parents.
is inferred from the field name, the remaining path is the attribute of includePathsYou can explicitly include the id of the embedded object using includePath
, for example
@IndexedEmbedded(includePaths = { "parents.id" })
. This will work regardless of the
includeEmbeddedObjectId
attribute. However, it is recommended to just set
includeEmbeddedObjectId=true
.
Having explicit control of the indexed paths might be easier if you’re designing your application by defining the needed queries first, as at that point you might know exactly which fields you need, and which other fields are unnecessary to implement your use case.
Per default null values are ignored and not indexed. However, using indexNullAs
you can specify that a field should be added when the embedded is null, with a value of your choice.
Per default indexNullAs
is set to org.hibernate.search.annotations.IndexedEmbedded.DO_NOT_INDEX_NULL
, indicating that null values should not be indexed. You can set this value to IndexedEmbedded.DEFAULT_NULL_TOKEN
to indicate that a default null token should be used. This default null token can be specified in the configuration using hibernate.search.default_null_token
. If this property is not set the string _null_
will be used as default.
The field name used when indexing null values depend on the prefix
:
prefix
is not set, the field name will be the Java property nameprefix
is set, the field name will be the prefix with the trailing dot (if any) removed.
For instance with the prefix my_embedded.
, the null field name will be my_embedded
(without dot).When indexNullAs
is used, it is important to use the chosen null token in search queries (see
Chapter 5, Querying) in order to find null values.
While @ContainedIn
is often seen as the counterpart of @IndexedEmbedded
, it can also be used
on its own to build an indexing dependency graph.
When an entity is reindexed, all the entities pointed by @ContainedIn
are also going to be
reindexed.
Lucene has the notion of boosting which allows you to give certain documents or fields more or less importance than others. Lucene differentiates between index and search time boosting. The following sections show you how you can achieve index time boosting using Hibernate Search.
To define a static boost value for an indexed class or property you can use the @Boost
annotation.
You can use this annotation within @Field
or specify it directly on method or class level.
@Boost
@Entity
@Indexed
@Boost(1.7f)
public class Essay {
...
@Id
@DocumentId
public Long getId() { return id; }
@Field(name="Abstract", store=Store.YES, boost=@Boost(2f))
@Boost(1.5f)
public String getSummary() { return summary; }
@Lob
@Field(boost=@Boost(1.2f))
public String getText() { return text; }
@Field
public String getISBN() { return isbn; }
}
In Example 4.14, “Different ways of using @Boost
”, Essay’s probability to reach the top of the search list will be multiplied by
1.7. The summary field will be 3.0 (2 * 1.5, because @Field.boost
and @Boost
on a property are
cumulative) more important than the isbn
field. The text field will be 1.2 times more important than
the isbn
field. Note that this explanation is wrong in strictest terms, but it is simple and close
enough to reality for all practical purposes. Please check the Lucene documentation or the excellent
Lucene In Action from Otis Gospodnetic and Erik Hatcher.
The @Boost
annotation used in Section 4.2.1, “Static index time boosting” defines a static boost factor which
is independent of the state of of the indexed entity at runtime. However, there are use cases in
which the boost factor may depend on the actual state of the entity. In this case you can use the
@DynamicBoost
annotation together with an accompanying custom BoostStrategy
.
public enum PersonType {
NORMAL,
VIP
}
@Entity
@Indexed
@DynamicBoost(impl = VIPBoostStrategy.class)
public class Person {
private PersonType type;
// ...
}
public class VIPBoostStrategy implements BoostStrategy {
public float defineBoost(Object value) {
Person person = ( Person ) value;
if ( person.getType().equals( PersonType.VIP ) ) {
return 2.0f;
}
else {
return 1.0f;
}
}
}
In Example 4.15, “Dynamic boost example” a dynamic boost is defined on class level specifying
VIPBoostStrategy
as implementation of the BoostStrategy
interface to be used at indexing time. You
can place the @DynamicBoost
either at class or field level. Depending on the placement of the
annotation either the whole entity is passed to the defineBoost
method or just the annotated
field/property value. It’s up to you to cast the passed object to the correct type. In the example
all indexed values of a VIP person would be double as important as the values of a normal person.
The specified BoostStrategy
implementation must define a public no-arg constructor.
Of course you can mix and match @Boost
and @DynamicBoost
annotations in your entity. All
defined boost factors are cumulative.
Analysis is the process of converting text into single terms (words) and can be considered as one of the key features of a fulltext search engine. Lucene uses the concept of Analyzers to control this process. In the following section we cover the multiple ways Hibernate Search offers to configure the analyzers.
The default analyzer class used to index tokenized fields is configurable through the
hibernate.search.analyzer
property. The default value for this property is
org.apache.lucene.analysis.standard.StandardAnalyzer
.
You can also define the analyzer class per entity, property and even per @Field
(useful when
multiple fields are indexed from a single property).
@Entity
@Indexed
@Analyzer(impl = EntityAnalyzer.class)
public class MyEntity {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId
private Integer id;
@Field
private String name;
@Field
@Analyzer(impl = PropertyAnalyzer.class)
private String summary;
@Field(analyzer = @Analyzer(impl = FieldAnalyzer.class)
private String body;
...
}
In this example, EntityAnalyzer
is used to index all tokenized properties (eg. name
), except
summary
and body
which are indexed with PropertyAnalyzer
and FieldAnalyzer
respectively.
Mixing different analyzers in the same entity is most of the time a bad practice. It makes query
building more complex and results less predictable (for the novice), especially if you are using a
QueryParser
(which uses the same analyzer for the whole query). As a rule of thumb, for any given
field the same analyzer should be used for indexing and querying.
Analyzers can become quite complex to deal with. For this reason introduces Hibernate Search the
notion of analyzer definitions. An analyzer definition can be reused by many @Analyzer
declarations
and is composed of:
This separation of tasks - a list of char filters, and a tokenizer followed by a list of filters - allows for easy reuse of each individual component and let you build your customized analyzer in a very flexible way (just like Lego). Generally speaking the char filters do some pre-processing in the character input, then the Tokenizer starts the tokenizing process by turning the character input into tokens which are then further processed by the TokenFilters. Hibernate Search supports this infrastructure by utilizing the advanced analyzers provided by Lucene; this is often referred to as the Analyzer Framework.
Some of the analyzers and filters will require additional dependencies. For example to use the
snowball stemmer you have to also include the lucene-snowball
jar and for the
PhoneticFilterFactory
you need the commons-codec jar. Your
distribution of Hibernate Search provides these dependencies in its lib/optional directory. Have a
look at Table 4.2, “Example of available tokenizers” and Table 4.3, “Examples of available filters” to see which analyzers and
filters have additional dependencies
Prior to Hibernate Search 5 it was required to add the Apache Solr dependency to your project as well; this is no longer required.
Let’s have a look at a concrete example now - Example 4.17, “@AnalyzerDef and the Analyzer Framework”. First a char filter is defined by its factory. In our example, a mapping char filter is used, and will replace characters in the input based on the rules specified in the mapping file. Next a tokenizer is defined. This example uses the standard tokenizer. Last but not least, a list of filters is defined by their factories. In our example, the StopFilter filter is built reading the dedicated words property file. The filter is also expected to ignore case.
@AnalyzerDef(name="customanalyzer",
charFilters = {
@CharFilterDef(factory = MappingCharFilterFactory.class, params = {
@Parameter(name = "mapping",
value = "org/hibernate/search/test/analyzer/mapping-chars.properties")
})
},
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = ASCIIFoldingFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = StopFilterFactory.class, params = {
@Parameter(name="words",
value= "org/hibernate/search/test/analyzer/stoplist.properties" ),
@Parameter(name="ignoreCase", value="true")
})
})
public class Team {
// ...
}
Filters and char filters are applied in the order they are defined in the @AnalyzerDef
annotation.
Order matters!
Some tokenizers, token filters or char filters load resources like a configuration or metadata file. This is the case for the stop filter and the synonym filter.
@AnalyzerDef(name="customanalyzer",
charFilters = {
@CharFilterDef(factory = MappingCharFilterFactory.class, params = {
@Parameter(name = "mapping",
value = "org/hibernate/search/test/analyzer/mapping-chars.properties")
})
},
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = ASCIIFoldingFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = StopFilterFactory.class, params = {
@Parameter(name="words",
value= "org/hibernate/search/test/analyzer/stoplist.properties" ),
@Parameter(name="ignoreCase", value="true")
})
})
public class Team {
// ...
}
Once defined, an analyzer definition can be reused by an @Analyzer
declaration as seen in
Example 4.19, “Referencing an analyzer by name”.
@Entity
@Indexed
@AnalyzerDef(name="customanalyzer", ... )
public class Team {
@Id
@DocumentId
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field
private String name;
@Field
private String location;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "customanalyzer")
private String description;
}
Analyzer instances declared by @AnalyzerDef
are also available by their name in the SearchFactory
which is quite useful wen building queries.
Analyzer analyzer = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory().getAnalyzer("customanalyzer");
Fields in queries should be analyzed with the same analyzer used to index the field so that they speak a common "language": the same tokens are reused between the query and the indexing process. This rule has some exceptions but is true most of the time. Respect it unless you know what you are doing.
Apache Lucene comes with a lot of useful default char filters, tokenizers and filters. You can find a complete list of char filter factories, tokenizer factories and filter factories at http://wiki.apache.org/solr/AnalyzersTokenizersTokenFilters. Let’s check a few of them.
Factory | Description | Parameters | Additional dependencies |
---|---|---|---|
| Replaces one or more characters with one or more characters, based on mappings specified in the resource file |
|
|
| Remove HTML standard tags, keeping the text | none |
|
Factory | Description | Parameters | Additional dependencies |
---|---|---|---|
| Use the Lucene StandardTokenizer | none |
|
| Remove HTML tags, keep the text and pass it to a
| none |
|
| Breaks text at the specified regular expression pattern. |
group: says which pattern group to extract into tokens |
|
Factory | Description | Parameters | Additional dependencies |
---|---|---|---|
| Remove dots from acronyms and 's from words | none |
|
| Lowercases all words | none |
|
| Remove words (tokens) matching a list of stop words |
|
|
| Reduces a word to it’s root in a given language. (eg. protect, protects, protection share the same root). Using such a filter allows searches matching related words. |
|
|
| Remove accents for languages like French | none |
|
| Inserts phonetically similar tokens into the token stream |
|
|
| Converts each token into its
|
|
|
We recommend to check out the implementations of org.apache.lucene.analysis.util.TokenizerFactory
and org.apache.lucene.analysis.util.TokenFilterFactory
in your IDE to see the implementations
available.
So far all the introduced ways to specify an analyzer were static. However, there are use cases
where it is useful to select an analyzer depending on the current state of the entity to be indexed,
for example in a multilingual applications. For an BlogEntry
class for example the analyzer could
depend on the language property of the entry. Depending on this property the correct language
specific stemmer should be chosen to index the actual text.
To enable this dynamic analyzer selection Hibernate Search introduces the @AnalyzerDiscriminator
annotation. Example 4.20, “Usage of @AnalyzerDiscriminator
” demonstrates the usage of this annotation.
@AnalyzerDiscriminator
@Entity
@Indexed
@AnalyzerDefs({
@AnalyzerDef(name = "en",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class
)
}),
@AnalyzerDef(name = "de",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = GermanStemFilterFactory.class)
})
})
public class BlogEntry {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId
private Integer id;
@Field
@AnalyzerDiscriminator(impl = LanguageDiscriminator.class)
private String language;
@Field
private String text;
private Set<BlogEntry> references;
// standard getter/setter
// ...
}
public class LanguageDiscriminator implements Discriminator {
public String getAnalyzerDefinitionName(Object value, Object entity, String field) {
if ( value == null || !( entity instanceof Article ) ) {
return null;
}
return (String) value;
}
}
The prerequisite for using @AnalyzerDiscriminator
is that all analyzers which are going to be used
dynamically are predefined via @AnalyzerDef
definitions. If this is the case, one can place the
@AnalyzerDiscriminator
annotation either on the class or on a specific property of the entity for
which to dynamically select an analyzer. Via the impl
parameter of the @AnalyzerDiscriminator
you
specify a concrete implementation of the Discriminator
interface. It is up to you to provide an
implementation for this interface. The only method you have to implement is
getAnalyzerDefinitionName()
which gets called for each field added to the Lucene document. The
entity which is getting indexed is also passed to the interface method. The value
parameter is
only set if the AnalyzerDiscriminator
is placed on property level instead of class level. In this
case the value represents the current value of this property.
An implementation of the Discriminator
interface has to return the name of an existing analyzer
definition or null if the default analyzer should not be overridden.
Example 4.20, “Usage of @AnalyzerDiscriminator
” assumes that the language parameter is either 'de' or 'en' which matches the
specified names in the @AnalyzerDefs.
In some situations retrieving analyzers can be handy. For example, if your domain model makes use of multiple analyzers (maybe to benefit from stemming, use phonetic approximation and so on), you need to make sure to use the same analyzers when you build your query.
This rule can be broken but you need a good reason for it. If you are unsure, use the same analyzers. If you use the Hibernate Search query DSL (see Section 5.1.2, “Building a Lucene query with the Hibernate Search query DSL”), you don’t have to think about it. The query DSL does use the right analyzer transparently for you.
Whether you are using the Lucene programmatic API or the Lucene query parser, you can retrieve the scoped analyzer for a given entity. A scoped analyzer is an analyzer which applies the right analyzers depending on the field indexed. Remember, multiple analyzers can be defined on a given entity each one working on an individual field. A scoped analyzer unifies all these analyzers into a context-aware analyzer. While the theory seems a bit complex, using the right analyzer in a query is very easy.
org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParser parser = new QueryParser(
"title",
fullTextSession.getSearchFactory().getAnalyzer( Song.class )
);
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery =
parser.parse( "title:sky Or title_stemmed:diamond" );
org.hibernate.Query fullTextQuery =
fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Song.class );
List result = fullTextQuery.list(); //return a list of managed objects
In the example above, the song title is indexed in two fields: the standard analyzer is used in the
field title
and a stemming analyzer is used in the field title_stemmed
. By using the
analyzer provided by the search factory, the query uses the appropriate analyzer depending on the
field targeted.
You can also retrieve analyzers defined via @AnalyzerDef
by their definition name using
searchFactory.getAnalyzer(String)
.
When discussing the basic mapping for an entity one important fact was so far disregarded. In Lucene
all index fields have to be represented as strings. All entity properties annotated with @Field
have to be converted to strings to be indexed. The reason we have not mentioned it so far is, that
for most of your properties Hibernate Search does the translation job for you thanks to a set of
built-in bridges. However, in some cases you need a more fine grained control over the translation
process.
Hibernate Search comes bundled with a set of built-in bridges between a Java property type and its full text representation.
null
null
elements are not indexed. Lucene does not support null
elements.
However, in some situation it can be useful to insert a custom token representing the null
value.
See Section 4.1.1.2, “@Field” for more information.java.lang.String
short
, Short
, integer
, Integer
, long
, Long
, float
, Float
, double
, Double
NumericRangeQuery
to search for values. See also Section 4.1.1.2, “@Field” and
Section 4.1.1.3, “@NumericField”BigInteger
, BigDecimal
BigInteger
and BigDecimal
are converted into their string representation and indexed. Note that
in this form the values cannot be compared by Lucene using for example a TermRangeQuery
.
For that the string representation would need to be padded. An alternative using numeric encoding
with a potential loss in precision can be seen in Example 4.2, “Defining a custom NumericFieldBridge for BigDecimal
”.java.util.Date
, java.util.Calendar
Dates are indexed as long
value representing the number
of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT. You shouldn’t really bother with the
internal format. It is important, however, to query a numerically indexed date via a NumericRangeQuery
.
Usually, storing the date up to the millisecond is not necessary. @DateBridge
defines the
appropriate resolution you are willing to store in the index.
java.time.Year
java.time.Duration
java.time.Instant
Note that it must be possible to convert the Instant
or the Duration
to a Long
.
If these values are too big or too small an exception is thrown.
LocalDate
, LocalTime
, LocalDateTime
, LocalTime
, MonthDay
, OffsetDateTime
, OffsetTime
, Period
, YearMonth
, ZoneDateTime
, ZoneId
, ZoneOffset
java.time
package store the values as string padded with 0 when required to allow sorting.@Entity
@Indexed
public class Meeting {
@Field(analyze=Analyze.NO)
@DateBridge(resolution=Resolution.MINUTE)
private Date date;
// ...
You can also choose to encode the date as string using the encoding=EncodingType.STRING
of
DateBridge
. In this case the dates are stored in the format yyyyMMddHHmmssSSS (using GMT time).
A Date whose resolution is lower than MILLISECOND
cannot be a @DocumentId
The default date bridge uses Lucene’s DateTools
to convert from Date
or Calendar
to its indexed
value. This means that all dates are expressed in GMT time. If your requirements are to store dates
in a fixed time zone you have to implement a custom date bridge.
java.net.URI
, java.net.URL
URI
and URL
are converted to their string representationjava.lang.Class
Hibernate Search allows you to extract text from various document types using the built-in
TikaBridge
which utilizes Apache Tika to extract text and metadata
from the provided documents. The @TikaBridge
annotation can be used with String
, URI
, byte[]
or
java.sql.Blob
properties. In the case of String
and URI
the bridge interprets the values are file
paths and tries to open a file to parse the document. In the case of byte[]
and Blob
the values are
directly passed to Tika for parsing.
Tika uses metadata as in- and output of the parsing process and it also allows to provide additional
context information. This process is described in
Parser interface.
The Hibernate Search Tika bridge allows you to make use of these additional
configuration options by providing two interfaces in conjunction with TikaBridge
. The first
interface is the TikaParseContextProvider
. It allows you to create a custom ParseContext
for the
document parsing. The second interface is TikaMetadataProcessor
which has two methods -
prepareMetadata()
and set(String, Object, Document, LuceneOptions, Metadata metadata)
. The former
allows to add additional metadata to the parsing process (for example the file name) and the latter
allows you to index metadata discovered during the parsing process.
If you want to add multiple fields in your TikaMetadataProcessor
, and also want to make those
fields sortable, you should make your processor implement the MetadataProvidingTikaMetadataProcessor
.
This is similar to implementing MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
on a regular field bridge: see Section 4.1.1.4, “@SortableField”.
Like MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
, the MetadataProvidingTikaMetadataProcessor
contract is under active development and considered experimental at this time. It may be altered in future revisions, e.g. by adding further methods, thus breaking existing implementations.
TikaParseContextProvider
as well as TikaMetadataProcessor
implementation classes can both be
specified as parameters on the TikaBridge
annotation.
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Song {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
long id;
@Field
@TikaBridge(metadataProcessor = Mp3TikaMetadataProcessor.class)
String mp3FileName;
// ...
}
QueryBuilder queryBuilder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder()
.forEntity( Song.class )
.get();
Query query = queryBuilder.keyword()
.onField( "mp3FileName" )
.ignoreFieldBridge() //mandatory
.matching( "Apes" )
.createQuery();
List result = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery( query ).list();
In the Example 4.22, “Example mapping with Apache Tika” the property mp3FileName
represents a path to an MP3 file; the
headers of this file will be indexed and so the performed query will be able to match the MP3
metadata.
TikaBridge
does not implement TwoWayFieldBridge
: queries built using the DSL (as in the
Example 4.22, “Example mapping with Apache Tika”) need to explicitly enable the option ignoreFieldBridge().
Sometimes, the built-in bridges of Hibernate Search do not cover some of your property types, or the
String
representation used by the bridge does not meet your requirements. The following paragraphs
describe several solutions to this problem.
The simplest custom solution is to give Hibernate Search an implementation of your expected Object
to String
bridge. To do so you need to implement the org.hibernate.search.bridge.StringBridge
interface. All implementations have to be thread-safe as they are used concurrently.
StringBridge
implementation/**
* Padding Integer bridge.
* All numbers will be padded with 0 to match 5 digits
*
* @author Emmanuel Bernard
*/
public class PaddedIntegerBridge implements StringBridge {
private int padding = 5;
public String objectToString(Object object) {
String rawInteger = ((Integer) object).toString();
if (rawInteger.length() > padding)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number too big to be padded");
StringBuilder paddedInteger = new StringBuilder();
for (int padIndex = rawInteger.length(); padIndex < padding; padIndex++) {
paddedInteger.append('0');
}
return paddedInteger.append( rawInteger ).toString();
}
}
Given the string bridge defined in Example 4.23, “Custom StringBridge
implementation”, any property or field can use
this bridge thanks to the @FieldBridge
annotation:
@FieldBridge(impl = PaddedIntegerBridge.class)
private Integer length;
Parameters can also be passed to the bridge implementation making it more flexible.
Example 4.24, “Passing parameters to your bridge implementation” implements a ParameterizedBridge
interface and parameters are
passed through the @FieldBridge
annotation.
public class PaddedIntegerBridge implements StringBridge, ParameterizedBridge {
public static String PADDING_PROPERTY = "padding";
private int padding = 5; //default
public void setParameterValues(Map<String,String> parameters) {
String padding = parameters.get( PADDING_PROPERTY );
if (padding != null) this.padding = Integer.parseInt( padding );
}
public String objectToString(Object object) {
String rawInteger = ((Integer) object).toString();
if (rawInteger.length() > padding)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number too big to be padded");
StringBuilder paddedInteger = new StringBuilder( );
for (int padIndex = rawInteger.length(); padIndex < padding; padIndex++) {
paddedInteger.append('0');
}
return paddedInteger.append(rawInteger).toString();
}
}
//on the property:
@FieldBridge(impl = PaddedIntegerBridge.class,
params = @Parameter(name="padding", value="10")
)
private Integer length;
The ParameterizedBridge
interface can be implemented by StringBridge
, TwoWayStringBridge
,
FieldBridge
implementations.
All implementations have to be thread-safe, but the parameters are set during initialization and no special care is required at this stage.
It is sometimes useful to get the type the bridge is applied on:
An example is a bridge that deals with enums in a custom fashion but needs to access the actual enum
type. Any bridge implementing AppliedOnTypeAwareBridge
will get the type the bridge is applied on
injected. Like parameters, the type injected needs no particular care with regard to thread-safety.
If you expect to use your bridge implementation on an id property (ie annotated with @DocumentId
), you need to use a slightly extended version of StringBridge
named TwoWayStringBridge
. Hibernate
Search needs to read the string representation of the identifier and generate the object out of it.
There is no difference in the way the @FieldBridge
annotation is used.
TwoWayStringBridge
usable for id propertiespublic class PaddedIntegerBridge implements TwoWayStringBridge, ParameterizedBridge {
public static String PADDING_PROPERTY = "padding";
private int padding = 5; //default
public void setParameterValues(Map parameters) {
Object padding = parameters.get(PADDING_PROPERTY);
if (padding != null) this.padding = (Integer) padding;
}
public String objectToString(Object object) {
String rawInteger = ((Integer) object).toString();
if (rawInteger.length() > padding)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number too big to be padded");
StringBuilder paddedInteger = new StringBuilder();
for (int padIndex = rawInteger.length(); padIndex < padding ; padIndex++) {
paddedInteger.append('0');
}
return paddedInteger.append(rawInteger).toString();
}
public Object stringToObject(String stringValue) {
return new Integer(stringValue);
}
}
//On an id property:
@DocumentId
@FieldBridge(impl = PaddedIntegerBridge.class,
params = @Parameter(name="padding", value="10")
private Integer id;
It is important for the two-way process to be idempotent
(ie object = stringToObject(objectToString( object ) )
).
Some use cases require more than a simple object to string translation when mapping a property to a
Lucene index. To give you the greatest possible flexibility you can also implement a bridge as a
FieldBridge
. This interface gives you a property value and let you map it the way you want in your
Lucene Document
. You can for example store a property in two different document fields. The
interface is very similar in its concept to the Hibernate ORM UserTypes
.
/**
* Store the date in 3 different fields - year, month, day - to ease the creation of RangeQuery per
* year, month or day (eg get all the elements of December for the last 5 years).
* @author Emmanuel Bernard
*/
public class DateSplitBridge implements FieldBridge {
private final static TimeZone GMT = TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT");
public void set(String name, Object value, Document document,
LuceneOptions luceneOptions) {
Date date = (Date) value;
Calendar cal = GregorianCalendar.getInstance(GMT);
cal.setTime(date);
int year = cal.get(Calendar.YEAR);
int month = cal.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
int day = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
// set year
luceneOptions.addFieldToDocument(
name + ".year",
String.valueOf( year ),
document );
// set month and pad it if needed
luceneOptions.addFieldToDocument(
name + ".month",
month < 10 ? "0" : "" + String.valueOf( month ),
document );
// set day and pad it if needed
luceneOptions.addFieldToDocument(
name + ".day",
day < 10 ? "0" : "" + String.valueOf( day ),
document );
}
}
//property
@FieldBridge(impl = DateSplitBridge.class)
private Date date;
In Example 4.26, “Implementing the FieldBridge interface” the fields are not added directly to Document
. Instead the addition is
delegated to the LuceneOptions
helper; this helper will apply the options you have selected on
@Field
, like Store
or TermVector
, or apply the chosen @Boost
value. It is especially useful
to encapsulate the complexity of COMPRESS
implementations. Even though it is recommended to
delegate to LuceneOptions
to add fields to the Document
, nothing stops you from editing the
Document
directly and ignore the LuceneOptions in case you need to.
Classes like LuceneOptions
are created to shield your application from changes in Lucene API and
simplify your code. Use them if you can, but if you need more flexibility you’re not required to.
It is sometimes useful to combine more than one property of a given entity and index this
combination in a specific way into the Lucene index. The @ClassBridge
and @ClassBridges
annotations can be defined at class level (as opposed to the property level). In this case the
custom field bridge implementation receives the entity instance as the value parameter instead of a
particular property. Though not shown in Example 4.27, “Implementing a class bridge”, @ClassBridge
supports the
termVector
attribute discussed in section Section 4.1.1, “Basic mapping”.
@Entity
@Indexed
@ClassBridge(name="branchnetwork",
store=Store.YES,
impl = CatFieldsClassBridge.class,
params = @Parameter( name="sepChar", value=" " ) )
public class Department {
private int id;
private String network;
private String branchHead;
private String branch;
private Integer maxEmployees
// ...
}
public class CatFieldsClassBridge implements FieldBridge, ParameterizedBridge {
private String sepChar;
public void setParameterValues(Map parameters) {
this.sepChar = (String) parameters.get( "sepChar" );
}
public void set(
String name, Object value, Document document, LuceneOptions luceneOptions) {
// In this particular class the name of the new field was passed
// from the name field of the ClassBridge Annotation. This is not
// a requirement. It just works that way in this instance. The
// actual name could be supplied by hard coding it below.
Department dep = (Department) value;
String fieldValue1 = dep.getBranch();
if ( fieldValue1 == null ) {
fieldValue1 = "";
}
String fieldValue2 = dep.getNetwork();
if ( fieldValue2 == null ) {
fieldValue2 = "";
}
String fieldValue = fieldValue1 + sepChar + fieldValue2;
Field field = new Field( name, fieldValue, luceneOptions.getStore(),
luceneOptions.getIndex(), luceneOptions.getTermVector() );
field.setBoost( luceneOptions.getBoost() );
document.add( field );
}
}
In this example, the particular CatFieldsClassBridge
is applied to the department
instance, the
field bridge then concatenate both branch and network and index the concatenation.
Custom field bridges are very flexible, but it can be tedious and error prone to apply the same
custom @FieldBridge
annotation every time a property of a given type is present in your domain
model. That is what BridgeProviders are for.
Let’s imagine that you have a type Currency
in your application and that you want to apply your very
own CurrencyFieldBridge
every time an indexed property returns Currency
. You can do it the hard way:
@FieldBridge
for a type the hard way@Entity @Indexed
public class User {
@FieldBridge(impl=CurrencyFieldBridge.class)
public Currency getDefaultCurrency();
// ...
}
@Entity @Indexed
public class Account {
@FieldBridge(impl=CurrencyFieldBridge.class)
public Currency getCurrency();
// ...
}
// continue to add @FieldBridge(impl=CurrencyFieldBridge.class) everywhere Currency is
Or you can write your own BridgeProvider
implementation for Currency
.
BridgeProvider
public class CurrencyBridgeProvider implements BridgeProvider {
//needs a default no-arg constructor
@Override
public FieldBridge provideFieldBridge(BridgeContext bridgeProviderContext) {
if ( bridgeProviderContext.getReturnType().equals( Currency.class ) ) {
return CurrencyFieldBridge.INSTANCE;
}
return null;
}
}
# service file named META-INF/services/org.hibernate.search.bridge.spi.BridgeProvider com.acme.myapps.hibernatesearch.CurrencyBridgeProvider
You need to implement BridgeProvider
and create a service file named
META-INF/services/org.hibernate.search.bridge.spi.BridgeProvider. This file must contain the fully
qualified class name(s) of the BridgeProvider
implementations. This is the classic Service Loader
discovery mechanism.
Now, any indexed property of type Currency
will use CurrencyFieldBridge
automatically.
@FieldBrige
is no longer needed@Entity @Indexed
public class User {
@Field
public Currency getDefaultCurrency();
// ...
}
@Entity @Indexed
public class Account {
@Field
public Currency getCurrency();
// ...
}
//CurrencyFieldBridge is applied automatically everywhere Currency is found on an indexed property
A few more things you need to know:
BridgeProvider
must have a no-arg constructorBridgeProvider
only returns FieldBridge
instances if it is meaningful for the calling context.
Null otherwise. In our example, the return type must be Currency
to be meaningful to our provider.FieldBridge
instance for a given return type, an exception
will be raised.A calling context is represented by the BridgeProviderContext
object and represents the environment for
which we are looking for a bridge. BridgeProviderContext
gives access to the return type of the indexed
property as well as the ServiceManager
which gives access to the ClassLoaderService
for everything
class loader related.
ClassLoaderService classLoaderService = serviceManager.getClassLoaderService();
CustomBridge cb = classLoaderService.classForName( "com.package.CustomBridge" );
This feature is considered experimental. More operation types might be added in the future depending on user feedback.
In some situations, you want to index an entity only when it is in a given state, for example:
This serves both functional and technical needs. You don’t want your blog readers to find your draft entries and filtering them off the query is a bit annoying. Very few of your entities are actually required to be indexed and you want to limit indexing overhead and keep indexes small and fast.
Hibernate Search lets you intercept entity indexing operations and override them. It is quite simple:
EntityIndexingInterceptor
class with your entity state based logicLet’s look at the blog example at Example 4.31, “Index blog entries only when they are published and remove them when they are in a different state”
/**
* Only index blog when it is in published state
*
* @author Emmanuel Bernard <emmanuel@hibernate.org>
*/
public class IndexWhenPublishedInterceptor implements EntityIndexingInterceptor<Blog> {
@Override
public IndexingOverride onAdd(Blog entity) {
if (entity.getStatus() == BlogStatus.PUBLISHED) {
return IndexingOverride.APPLY_DEFAULT;
}
return IndexingOverride.SKIP;
}
@Override
public IndexingOverride onUpdate(Blog entity) {
if (entity.getStatus() == BlogStatus.PUBLISHED) {
return IndexingOverride.UPDATE;
}
return IndexingOverride.REMOVE;
}
@Override
public IndexingOverride onDelete(Blog entity) {
return IndexingOverride.APPLY_DEFAULT;
}
@Override
public IndexingOverride onCollectionUpdate(Blog entity) {
return onUpdate(entity);
}
}
@Entity
@Indexed(interceptor=IndexWhenPublishedInterceptor.class)
public class Blog {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
public Integer getId() { return id; }
public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; }
private Integer id;
@Field
public String getTitle() { return title; }
public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; }
private String title;
public BlogStatus getStatus() { return status; }
public void setStatus(BlogStatus status) { this.status = status; }
private BlogStatus status;
// ...
}
We mark the Blog
entity with @Indexed.interceptor
. As you can see, IndexWhenPublishedInterceptor
implements EntityIndexingInterceptor
and accepts Blog
entities (it could have accepted super classes
as well - for example Object
if you create a generic interceptor.
You can react to several planned indexing events:
For each occurring event you can respond with one of the following actions:
APPLY_DEFAULT
: that’s the basic operation that lets Hibernate Search update the index as
expected - creating, updating or removing the documentSKIP
: ask Hibernate Search to not do anything to the index for this event - data will not be
created, updated or removed from the index in any wayREMOVE
: ask Hibernate Search to remove indexing data about this entity - you can safely ask
for REMOVE
even if the entity has not yet been indexedUPDATE
: ask Hibernate Search to either index or update the index for this entity - it is safe
to ask for UPDATE
even if the entity has never been indexedBe careful, not every combination makes sense: for example, asking to UPDATE
the index upon
onDelete. Note that you could ask for SKIP
in this situation if saving indexing time is critical
for you. That’s rarely the case though.
By default, no interceptor is applied on an entity. You have to explicitly define an interceptor via
the @Indexed
annotation (see Section 4.1.1.1, “@Indexed”) or programmatically (see
Section 4.7, “Programmatic API”). This class and all its subclasses will then be intercepted.
You can stop or change the interceptor used in a subclass by overriding @Indexed.interceptor
.
Hibernate Search provides DontInterceptEntityInterceptor
which will explicitly not intercept any call.
This is useful to reset interception within a class hierarchy.
Dirty checking optimization is disabled when interceptors are used. Dirty checking optimization does check what has changed in an entity and only triggers an index update if indexed properties are changed. The reason is simple, your interceptor might depend on a non indexed property which would be ignored by this optimization.
An EntityIndexingInterceptor
can never override an explicit indexing operation such as index(T)
,
purge(T, id)
or purgeAll(class)
.
You can provide your own id for Hibernate Search if you are extending the internals. You will have
to generate a unique value so it can be given to Lucene to be indexed. This will have to be given to
Hibernate Search when you create an org.hibernate.search.Work
object - the document id is required
in the constructor.
Unlike @DocumentId
which is applied on field level, @ProvidedId
is used on the class level.
Optionally you can specify your own bridge implementation using the bridge property. Also, if you
annotate a class with @ProvidedId
, your subclasses will also get the annotation - but it is not done
by using the java.lang.annotations.@Inherited
. Be sure however, to not use this annotation with
@DocumentId
as your system will break.
@ProvidedId(bridge = org.my.own.package.MyCustomBridge)
@Indexed
public class MyClass{
@Field
String MyString;
...
}
Although the recommended approach for mapping indexed entities is to use annotations, it is sometimes more convenient to use a different approach:
While it has been a popular demand in the past, the Hibernate team never found the idea of an XML alternative to annotations appealing due to its heavy duplication, lack of code refactoring safety, because it did not cover all the use case spectrum and because we are in the 21st century :)
The idea of a programmatic API was much more appealing and has now become a reality. You can programmatically define your mapping using a programmatic API: you define entities and fields as indexable by using mapping classes which effectively mirror the annotation concepts in Hibernate Search. Note that fan(s) of XML approach can design their own schema and use the programmatic API to create the mapping while parsing the XML stream.
In order to use the programmatic model you must first construct a SearchMapping
object which you can
do in two ways:
You can pass the SearchMapping object directly via the property key
hibernate.search.model_mapping
or the constant Environment.MODEL_MAPPING
. Use the
Configuration API or the Map
passed to the JPA Persistence bootstrap methods.
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
// ... configure mapping
Configuration config = new Configuration();
config.getProperties().put( Environment.MODEL_MAPPING, mapping );
SessionFactory sf = config.buildSessionFactory();
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
// ... configure mapping
Map props = new HashMap();
props.put( Environment.MODEL_MAPPING, mapping );
EntityManagerFactory emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory( "userPU", props );
Alternatively, you can create a factory class (ie hosting a method annotated with @Factory
) whose
factory method returns the SearchMapping
object. The factory class must have a no-arg constructor
and its fully qualified class name is passed to the property key
hibernate.search.model_mapping
or its type-safe representation Environment.MODEL_MAPPING
. This
approach is useful when you do not necessarily control the bootstrap process like in a Java EE, CDI
or Spring Framework container.
public class MyAppSearchMappingFactory {
@Factory
public SearchMapping getSearchMapping() {
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.analyzerDef( "ngram", StandardTokenizerFactory.class )
.filter( LowerCaseFilterFactory.class )
.filter( NGramFilterFactory.class )
.param( "minGramSize", "3" )
.param( "maxGramSize", "3" );
return mapping;
}
}
<persistence ...>
<persistence-unit name="users">
...
<properties>
<property name="hibernate.search.model_mapping"
value="com.acme.MyAppSearchMappingFactory"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
The SearchMapping
is the root object which contains all the necessary indexable entities and fields.
From there, the SearchMapping
object exposes a fluent (and thus intuitive) API to express your
mappings: it contextually exposes the relevant mapping options in a type-safe way. Just let your IDE
auto-completion feature guide you through.
Today, the programmatic API cannot be used on a class annotated with Hibernate Search annotations,
chose one approach or the other. Also note that the same default values apply in annotations and the
programmatic API. For example, the @Field.name
is defaulted to the property name and does not have
to be set.
Each core concept of the programmatic API has a corresponding example to depict how the same definition would look using annotation. Therefore seeing an annotation example of the programmatic approach should give you a clear picture of what Hibernate Search will build with the marked entities and associated properties.
The first concept of the programmatic API is to define an entity as indexable. Using the annotation
approach a user would mark the entity as @Indexed
, the following example demonstrates how to
programmatically achieve this.
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping.entity(Address.class)
.indexed()
.indexName("Address_Index") //optional
.interceptor(IndexWhenPublishedInterceptor.class); //optional
cfg.getProperties().put("hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping);
As you can see you must first create a SearchMapping
object which is the root object that is then
passed to the Configuration object as property. You must declare an entity and if you wish to make
that entity as indexable then you must call the indexed()
method. The indexed()
method has an
optional indexName(String indexName)
which can be used to change the default index name that is
created by Hibernate Search. Likewise, an interceptor(Class<? extends EntityIndexedInterceptor>)
is available. Using the annotation model the above can be achieved as:
@Entity
@Indexed(index="Address_Index", interceptor=IndexWhenPublishedInterceptor.class)
public class Address {
// ...
}
To set a property as a document id:
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping.entity(Address.class).indexed()
.property("addressId", ElementType.FIELD) //field access
.documentId()
.name("id");
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping);
The above is equivalent to annotating a property in the entity as @DocumentId
as seen in the
following example:
@DocumentId
annotation definition@Entity
@Indexed
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId(name="id")
private Long addressId;
// ...
}
Analyzers can be programmatically defined using the
analyzerDef(String analyzerDef, Class<? extends TokenizerFactory> tokenizerFactory)
method. This
method also enables you to define filters for the analyzer definition. Each filter that you define
can optionally take in parameters as seen in the following example :
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.analyzerDef( "ngram", StandardTokenizerFactory.class )
.filter( LowerCaseFilterFactory.class )
.filter( NGramFilterFactory.class )
.param( "minGramSize", "3" )
.param( "maxGramSize", "3" )
.analyzerDef( "en", StandardTokenizerFactory.class )
.filter( LowerCaseFilterFactory.class )
.filter( EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class )
.analyzerDef( "de", StandardTokenizerFactory.class )
.filter( LowerCaseFilterFactory.class )
.filter( GermanStemFilterFactory.class )
.entity(Address.class).indexed()
.property("addressId", ElementType.METHOD) //getter access
.documentId()
.name("id");
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
The analyzer mapping defined above is equivalent to the annotation model using @AnalyzerDef
in
conjunction with @AnalyzerDefs
:
@Indexed
@Entity
@AnalyzerDefs({
@AnalyzerDef(name = "ngram",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = NGramFilterFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "minGramSize",value = "3"),
@Parameter(name = "maxGramSize",value = "3")
})
}),
@AnalyzerDef(name = "en",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class)
}),
@AnalyzerDef(name = "de",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = GermanStemFilterFactory.class)
})
})
public class Address {
// ...
}
The programmatic API provides easy mechanism for defining full text filter definitions which is
available via @FullTextFilterDef
and @FullTextFilterDefs
(see Section 5.3, “Filters”). The next example
depicts the creation of full text filter definition using the fullTextFilterDef
method.
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.analyzerDef( "en", StandardTokenizerFactory.class )
.filter( LowerCaseFilterFactory.class )
.filter( EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class )
.fullTextFilterDef("security", SecurityFilterFactory.class)
.cache(FilterCacheModeType.INSTANCE_ONLY)
.entity(Address.class)
.indexed()
.property("addressId", ElementType.METHOD)
.documentId()
.name("id")
.property("street1", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.analyzer("en")
.store(Store.YES)
.field()
.name("address_data")
.analyzer("en")
.store(Store.NO);
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
The previous example can effectively been seen as annotating your entity with @FullTextFilterDef
like below:
@Entity
@Indexed
@AnalyzerDefs({
@AnalyzerDef(name = "en",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class)
})
})
@FullTextFilterDefs({
@FullTextFilterDef(name = "security", impl = SecurityFilterFactory.class, cache = FilterCacheModeType.INSTANCE_ONLY)
})
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId(name="id")
public Long getAddressId() {...};
@Fields({
@Field(store=Store.YES, analyzer=@Analyzer(definition="en")),
@Field(name="address_data", analyzer=@Analyzer(definition="en"))
})
public String getAddress1() {...};
// ...
}
When defining fields for indexing using the programmatic API, call field()
on the
property(String propertyName, ElementType elementType)
method. From field()
you can specify
the name
, index
, store
, bridge
and analyzer
definitions.
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.analyzerDef( "en", StandardTokenizerFactory.class )
.filter( LowerCaseFilterFactory.class )
.filter( EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class )
.entity(Address.class).indexed()
.property("addressId", ElementType.METHOD)
.documentId()
.name("id")
.property("street1", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.analyzer("en")
.store(Store.YES)
.field()
.name("address_data")
.analyzer("en");
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
The above example of marking fields as indexable is equivalent to defining fields using @Field
as
seen below:
@Entity
@Indexed
@AnalyzerDefs({
@AnalyzerDef(name = "en",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = EnglishPorterFilterFactory.class)
})
})
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId(name="id")
private Long getAddressId() {...};
@Fields({
@Field(store=Store.YES, analyzer=@Analyzer(definition="en")),
@Field(name="address_data", analyzer=@Analyzer(definition="en"))
})
public String getAddress1() {...}
// ...
}
When using a programmatic mapping for a given type X
, you can only refer to fields defined on X
.
Fields or methods inherited from a super type are not configurable. In case you need to configure a
super class property, you need to either override the property in X
or create a programmatic mapping
for the super class. This mimics the usage of annotations where you cannot annotate a field or
method of a super class either, unless it is redefined in the given type.
In this section you will see how to programmatically define entities to be embedded into the indexed
entity similar to using the @IndexedEmbedded
model. In order to define this you must mark the
property as indexEmbedded
. There is the option to add a prefix to the embedded entity definition
which can be done by calling prefix as seen in the example below:
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.entity(ProductCatalog.class)
.indexed()
.property("catalogId", ElementType.METHOD)
.documentId()
.name("id")
.property("title", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.index(Index.YES)
.store(Store.NO)
.property("description", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.index(Index.YES)
.store(Store.NO)
.property("items", ElementType.METHOD)
.indexEmbedded()
.prefix("catalog.items"); //optional
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping )
The next example shows the same definition using annotation (@IndexedEmbedded
):
@IndexedEmbedded
@Entity
@Indexed
public class ProductCatalog {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId(name="id")
public Long getCatalogId() {...}
@Field
public String getTitle() {...}
@Field
public String getDescription();
@OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
@IndexColumn(name = "list_position")
@Cascade(org.hibernate.annotations.CascadeType.ALL)
@IndexedEmbedded(prefix="catalog.items")
public List<Item> getItems() {...}
// ...
}
@ContainedIn
can be defined as seen in the example below:
containedIn
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.entity(ProductCatalog.class)
.indexed()
.property("catalogId", ElementType.METHOD)
.documentId()
.property("title", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.property("description", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.property("items", ElementType.METHOD)
.indexEmbedded()
.entity(Item.class)
.property("description", ElementType.METHOD)
.field()
.property("productCatalog", ElementType.METHOD)
.containedIn();
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
This is equivalent to defining @ContainedIn
in your entity:
@ContainedIn
@Entity
@Indexed
public class ProductCatalog {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId
public Long getCatalogId() {...}
@Field
public String getTitle() {...}
@Field
public String getDescription() {...}
@OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
@IndexColumn(name = "list_position")
@Cascade(org.hibernate.annotations.CascadeType.ALL)
@IndexedEmbedded
private List<Item> getItems() {...}
// ...
}
@Entity
public class Item {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long itemId;
@Field
public String getDescription() {...}
@ManyToOne( cascade = { CascadeType.PERSIST, CascadeType.REMOVE } )
@ContainedIn
public ProductCatalog getProductCatalog() {...}
// ...
}
In order to define a calendar or date bridge mapping, call the dateBridge(Resolution resolution)
or
calendarBridge(Resolution resolution)
methods after you have defined a field()
in the SearchMapping
hierarchy.
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.entity(Address.class)
.indexed()
.property("addressId", ElementType.FIELD)
.documentId()
.property("street1", ElementType.FIELD()
.field()
.property("createdOn", ElementType.FIELD)
.field()
.dateBridge(Resolution.DAY)
.property("lastUpdated", ElementType.FIELD)
.calendarBridge(Resolution.DAY);
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
See below for defining the above using @CalendarBridge
and @DateBridge
:
@CalendarBridge
and @DateBridge
definition@Entity
@Indexed
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId
private Long addressId;
@Field
private String address1;
@Field
@DateBridge(resolution=Resolution.DAY)
private Date createdOn;
@CalendarBridge(resolution=Resolution.DAY)
private Calendar lastUpdated;
// ...
}
It is possible to associate bridges to programmatically defined fields. When you define a field()
programmatically you can use the bridge(Class<?> impl)
to associate a FieldBridge
implementation
class. The bridge method also provides optional methods to include any parameters required for the
bridge class. The below shows an example of programmatically defining a bridge:
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.entity(Address.class)
.indexed()
.property("addressId", ElementType.FIELD)
.documentId()
.property("street1", ElementType.FIELD)
.field()
.field()
.name("street1_abridged")
.bridge( ConcatStringBridge.class )
.param( "size", "4" );
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
The above can equally be defined using annotations, as seen in the next example.
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Address {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId(name="id")
private Long addressId;
@Fields({
@Field,
@Field(name="street1_abridged",
bridge = @FieldBridge( impl = ConcatStringBridge.class,
params = @Parameter( name="size", value="4" ))
})
private String address1;
// ...
}
You can define class bridges on entities programmatically. This is shown in the next example:
SearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.entity(Departments.class)
.classBridge(CatDeptsFieldsClassBridge.class)
.name("branchnetwork")
.index(Index.YES)
.store(Store.YES)
.param("sepChar", " ")
.classBridge(EquipmentType.class)
.name("equiptype")
.index(Index.YES)
.store(Store.YES)
.param("C", "Cisco")
.param("D", "D-Link")
.param("K", "Kingston")
.param("3", "3Com")
.indexed();
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
The above is similar to using @ClassBridge
as seen in the next example:
@ClassBridge
@Entity
@Indexed
@ClassBridges ( {
@ClassBridge(name="branchnetwork",
store= Store.YES,
impl = CatDeptsFieldsClassBridge.class,
params = @Parameter( name="sepChar", value=" " ) ),
@ClassBridge(name="equiptype",
store= Store.YES,
impl = EquipmentType.class,
params = {@Parameter( name="C", value="Cisco" ),
@Parameter( name="D", value="D-Link" ),
@Parameter( name="K", value="Kingston" ),
@Parameter( name="3", value="3Com" )
})
})
public class Departments {
// ...
}
You can apply a dynamic boost factor on either a field or a whole entity:
dynamicBoost
mapping using programmatic modelSearchMapping mapping = new SearchMapping();
mapping
.entity(DynamicBoostedDescLibrary.class)
.indexed()
.dynamicBoost(CustomBoostStrategy.class)
.property("libraryId", ElementType.FIELD)
.documentId().name("id")
.property("name", ElementType.FIELD)
.dynamicBoost(CustomFieldBoostStrategy.class);
.field()
.store(Store.YES)
cfg.getProperties().put( "hibernate.search.model_mapping", mapping );
The next example shows the equivalent mapping using the @DynamicBoost
annotation:
@DynamicBoost
@Entity
@Indexed
@DynamicBoost(impl = CustomBoostStrategy.class)
public class DynamicBoostedDescriptionLibrary {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
@DocumentId
private int id;
private float dynScore;
@Field(store = Store.YES)
@DynamicBoost(impl = CustomFieldBoostStrategy.class)
private String name;
public DynamicBoostedDescriptionLibrary() {
dynScore = 1.0f;
}
// ...
}
The second most important capability of Hibernate Search is the ability to execute Lucene queries and retrieve entities managed by a Hibernate session. The search provides the power of Lucene without leaving the Hibernate paradigm, giving another dimension to the Hibernate classic search mechanisms (HQL, Criteria query, native SQL query).
Preparing and executing a query consists of four simple steps:
FullTextSession
org.hibernate.Query
list()
or scroll()
To access the querying facilities, you have to use a FullTextSession
. This Search specific session
wraps a regular org.hibernate.Session
in order to provide query and indexing capabilities.
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
//...
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
Once you have a FullTextSession
you have two options to build the full-text query: the Hibernate
Search query DSL or the native Lucene query.
If you use the Hibernate Search query DSL, it will look like this:
QueryBuilder b = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Myth.class).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery =
b.keyword()
.onField("history").boostedTo(3)
.matching("storm")
.createQuery();
org.hibernate.Query fullTextQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery);
List result = fullTextQuery.list(); //return a list of managed objects
You can alternatively write your Lucene query either using the Lucene query parser or Lucene programmatic API.
SearchFactory searchFactory = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory();
org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParser parser =
new QueryParser("title", searchFactory.getAnalyzer(Myth.class));
try {
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery = parser.parse("history:storm^3");
}
catch (ParseException e) {
//handle parsing failure
}
org.hibernate.Query fullTextQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery);
List result = fullTextQuery.list(); //return a list of managed objects
The Hibernate query built on top of the Lucene query is a regular org.hibernate.Query
, which means
you are in the same paradigm as the other Hibernate query facilities (HQL, Native or Criteria). The
regular list()
, uniqueResult()
, iterate()
and scroll()
methods can be used.
In case you are using the Java Persistence APIs of Hibernate, the same extensions exist:
EntityManager em = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
FullTextEntityManager fullTextEntityManager =
org.hibernate.search.jpa.Search.getFullTextEntityManager(em);
// ...
QueryBuilder b = fullTextEntityManager.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity( Myth.class ).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery =
b.keyword()
.onField("history").boostedTo(3)
.matching("storm")
.createQuery();
javax.persistence.Query fullTextQuery =
fullTextEntityManager.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery );
List result = fullTextQuery.getResultList(); //return a list of managed objects
The following examples we will use the Hibernate APIs but the same example can be easily rewritten with the Java Persistence API by just adjusting the way the FullTextQuery is retrieved.
Hibernate Search queries are built on top of Lucene queries which gives you total freedom on the type of Lucene query you want to execute. However, once built, Hibernate Search wraps further query processing using org.hibernate.Query as your primary query manipulation API.
Using the Lucene API, you have several options. You can use the query parser (fine for simple queries) or the Lucene programmatic API (for more complex use cases). It is out of the scope of this documentation on how to exactly build a Lucene query. Please refer to the online Lucene documentation or get hold of a copy of Lucene In Action or Hibernate Search in Action.
Writing full-text queries with the Lucene programmatic API is quite complex. It’s even more complex to understand the code once written. Besides the inherent API complexity, you have to remember to convert your parameters to their string equivalent as well as make sure to apply the correct analyzer to the right field (a ngram analyzer will for example use several ngrams as the tokens for a given word and should be searched as such).
The Hibernate Search query DSL makes use of a style of API called a fluent API. This API has a few key characteristics:
Let’s see how to use the API. You first need to create a query builder that is attached to a given
indexed entity type. This QueryBuilder will know what analyzer to use and what field bridge to
apply. You can create several QueryBuilder
instances (one for each entity type involved in the root
of your query). You get the QueryBuilder
from the SearchFactory
.
QueryBuilder mythQB = searchFactory.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity( Myth.class ).get();
You can also override the analyzer used for a given field or fields. This is rarely needed and should be avoided unless you know what you are doing.
QueryBuilder mythQB = searchFactory.buildQueryBuilder()
.forEntity( Myth.class )
.overridesForField("history","stem_analyzer_definition")
.get();
Using the query builder, you can then build queries. It is important to realize that the end result of a QueryBuilder is a Lucene query. For this reason you can easily mix and match queries generated via Lucene’s query parser or Query objects you have assembled with the Lucene programmatic API and use them with the Hibernate Search DSL. Just in case the DSL is missing some features.
Let’s start with the most basic use case - searching for a specific word:
Query luceneQuery = mythQB.keyword().onField("history").matching("storm").createQuery();
keyword()
means that you are trying to find a specific word. onField()
specifies in which Lucene
field to look. matching()
tells what to look for. And finally createQuery()
creates the Lucene
query object. A lot is going on with this line of code.
history
FieldBridge: it does not matter here but you will
see that it’s quite handy when dealing with numbers or dates.history
. This
ensures that the query uses the same term transformation than the indexing (lower case, n-gram,
stemming and so on). If the analyzing process generates several terms for a given word, a boolean
query is used with the SHOULD
logic (roughly an OR
logic).We make the example a little more advanced now and have a look at how to search a field that uses ngram analyzers. ngram analyzers index succession of ngrams of your words which helps to recover from user typos. For example the 3-grams of the word hibernate are hib, ibe, ber, rna, nat, ate.
@AnalyzerDef(name = "ngram",
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(factory = StandardTokenizerFactory.class ),
filters = {
@TokenFilterDef(factory = StandardFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = LowerCaseFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = StopFilterFactory.class),
@TokenFilterDef(factory = NGramFilterFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "minGramSize", value = "3"),
@Parameter(name = "maxGramSize", value = "3") } )
}
)
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Myth {
@Field(analyzer=@Analyzer(definition="ngram")
public String getName() { return name; }
public String setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
private String name;
...
}
Query luceneQuery = mythQb.keyword().onField("name").matching("Sisiphus")
.createQuery();
The matching word "Sisiphus" will be lower-cased and then split into 3-grams: sis, isi, sip, phu,
hus. Each of these n-gram will be part of the query. We will then be able to find the Sysiphus myth
(with a y
). All that is transparently done for you.
If for some reason you do not want a specific field to use the field bridge or the analyzer you can
call the ignoreAnalyzer()
or ignoreFieldBridge()
functions.
To search for multiple possible words in the same field, simply add them all in the matching clause.
//search document with storm or lightning in their history
Query luceneQuery =
mythQB.keyword().onField("history").matching("storm lightning").createQuery();
To search the same word on multiple fields, use the onFields method.
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.keyword()
.onFields("history","description","name")
.matching("storm")
.createQuery();
Sometimes, one field should be treated differently from another field even if searching the same term, you can use the andField() method for that.
Query luceneQuery = mythQB.keyword()
.onField("history")
.andField("name")
.boostedTo(5)
.andField("description")
.matching("storm")
.createQuery();
In the previous example, only field name is boosted to 5.
To execute a fuzzy query (based on the Levenshtein distance algorithm), start like a keyword
query
and add the fuzzy flag.
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.keyword()
.fuzzy()
.withThreshold(.8f)
.withPrefixLength(1)
.onField("history")
.matching("starm")
.createQuery();
threshold
is the limit above which two terms are considering matching. It’s a decimal between 0 and
1 and defaults to 0.5. prefixLength
is the length of the prefix ignored by the "fuzzyness": while
it defaults to 0, a non zero value is recommended for indexes containing a huge amount of distinct
terms.
You can also execute wildcard queries (queries where some of parts of the word are unknown).
The character ?
represents a single character and *
represents any character sequence.
Note that for performance purposes, it is recommended that the query does not start with either ?
or *
.
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.keyword()
.wildcard()
.onField("history")
.matching("sto*")
.createQuery();
Wildcard queries do not apply the analyzer on the matching terms. Otherwise the risk of *
or ?
being mangled is too high.
So far we have been looking for words or sets of words, you can also search exact or approximate
sentences. Use phrase()
to do so.
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.phrase()
.onField("history")
.sentence("Thou shalt not kill")
.createQuery();
You can search approximate sentences by adding a slop factor. The slop factor represents the number of other words permitted in the sentence: this works like a within or near operator
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.phrase()
.withSlop(3)
.onField("history")
.sentence("Thou kill")
.createQuery();
After looking at all these query examples for searching for to a given word, it is time to introduce range queries (on numbers, dates, strings etc). A range query searches for a value in between given boundaries (included or not) or for a value below or above a given boundary (included or not).
//look for 0 <= starred < 3
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.range()
.onField("starred")
.from(0).to(3).excludeLimit()
.createQuery();
//look for myths strictly BC
Date beforeChrist = ...;
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.range()
.onField("creationDate")
.below(beforeChrist).excludeLimit()
.createQuery();
This set of queries has its own chapter, check out Chapter 9, Spatial.
Have you ever looked at an article or document and thought: "I want to find more like this"? Have you ever appreciated an e-commerce website that gives you similar articles to the one you are exploring?
More Like This queries are achieving just that. You feed it an entity (or its identifier) and Hibernate Search returns the list of entities that are similar.
For each (selected) field of the targeted entity, we look at the most meaningful terms. Then we
create a query matching the most meaningful terms per field. This is a slight variation compared to
the original Lucene MoreLikeThisQuery
implementation.
The query DSL API should be self explaining. Let’s look at some usage examples.
QueryBuilder qb = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder()
.forEntity( Coffee.class )
.get();
Query mltQuery = qb
.moreLikeThis()
.comparingAllFields()
.toEntityWithId( coffeeId )
.createQuery();
List<Object[]> results = (List<Object[]>) fullTextSession
.createFullTextQuery( mltQuery, Coffee.class )
.setProjection( ProjectionConstants.THIS, ProjectionConstants.SCORE )
.list();
This first example takes the id of an Coffee entity and finds the matching coffees across all fields. To be fair, this is not across all fields. To be included in the More Like This query, fields need to store term vectors or the actual field value. Id fields (of the root entity as well as embedded entities) and numeric fields are excluded. The latter exclusion might change in future versions.
Looking at the Coffee
class, the following fields are considered: name
as it is stored,
description
as it stores the term vector. id
and internalDescription
are excluded.
@Entity @Indexed
public class Coffee {
@Id @GeneratedValue
public Integer getId() { return id; }
@Field(termVector = TermVector.NO, store = Store.YES)
public String getName() { return name; }
@Field(termVector = TermVector.YES)
public String getSummary() { return summary; }
@Column(length = 2000)
@Field(termVector = TermVector.YES)
public String getDescription() { return description; }
public int getIntensity() { return intensity; }
// Not stored nor term vector, i.e. cannot be used for More Like This
@Field
public String getInternalDescription() { return internalDescription; }
// ...
}
In the example above we used projection to retrieve the relative score of each element. We might use the score to only display the results for which the score is high enough.
For best performance and best results, store the term vectors for the fields you want to include in a More Like This query.
Often, you are only interested in a few key fields to find similar entities. Plus some fields are more important than others and should be boosted.
Query mltQuery = qb
.moreLikeThis()
.comparingField("summary").boostedTo(10f)
.andField("description")
.toEntityWithId( coffeeId )
.createQuery();
In this example, we look for similar entities by summary and description. But similar summaries are more important than similar descriptions. This is a critical tool to make More Like This meaningful for your data set.
Instead of providing the entity id, you can pass the full entity object. If the entity contains the identifier, we will use it to find the term vectors or field values. This means that we will compare the entity state as stored in the Lucene index. If the identifier cannot be retrieved (for example if the entity has not been persisted yet), we will look at each of the entity properties to find the most meaningful terms. The latter is slower and won’t give the best results - avoid it if possible.
Here is how you pass the entity instance you want to compare with:
Coffee coffee = ...; //managed entity from somewhere
Query mltQuery = qb
.moreLikeThis()
.comparingField("summary").boostedTo(10f)
.andField("description")
.toEntity( coffee )
.createQuery();
By default, the results contain at the top the entity you are comparing with. This is particularly useful to compare relative scores. If you don’t need it, you can exclude it.
Query mltQuery = qb
.moreLikeThis()
.excludeEntityUsedForComparison()
.comparingField("summary").boostedTo(10f)
.andField("description")
.toEntity( coffee )
.createQuery();
You can ask Hibernate Search to give a higher score to the very similar entities and downgrade the
score of mildly similar entities. We do that by boosting each meaningful terms by their individual
overall score. Start with a boost factor of 1
and adjust from there.
Query mltQuery = qb
.moreLikeThis()
.favorSignificantTermsWithFactor(1f)
.comparingField("summary").boostedTo(10f)
.andField("description")
.toEntity( coffee )
.createQuery();
Remember, more like this is a very subjective meaning and will vary depending on your data and the rules of your domain. With the various options offered, Hibernate Search arms you with the tools to adjust this weapon. Make sure to continuously test the results against your data set.
You can combine queries to create more complex queries. The following aggregation operators are available:
SHOULD
: the query should contain the matching elements of the subqueryMUST
: the query must contain the matching elements of the subqueryMUST NOT
: the query must not contain the matching elements of the subqueryThese aggregations have a similar effect as the classic boolean operators AND
, OR
and NOT
,
but have different names to emphasise that they will have an impact on scoring.
For example the SHOULD
operator between two queries will have an effect similar to the boolean OR
:
if either of the two combined queries matches the entry, the entry will be included in the match;
though the entries which match both queries will have an higher score than those which only match one of them.
The sub-queries can be any Lucene query including a boolean query itself.
AND
query: the must
method.Query combinedQuery = querybuilder
.bool()
.must( queryA )
.must( queryB )
.createQuery();
OR
query: the should
method.Query combinedQuery = querybuilder
.bool()
.should( queryA )
.should( queryB )
.createQuery();
not
modifier to a must
.Query combinedQuery = querybuilder
.bool()
.must( queryA )
.must( queryB ).not()
.createQuery();
Let’s look at a few more practical examples; note how the querybuilder usage can be nested and how 'should', 'must', and 'not' can be combined in many ways:
//look for popular modern myths that are not urban
Date twentiethCentury = ...;
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.bool()
.must( mythQB.keyword().onField("description").matching("urban").createQuery() )
.not()
.must( mythQB.range().onField("starred").above(4).createQuery() )
.must( mythQB
.range()
.onField("creationDate")
.above(twentiethCentury)
.createQuery() )
.createQuery();
//look for popular myths that are preferably urban
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.bool()
.should( mythQB.keyword().onField("description").matching("urban").createQuery() )
.must( mythQB.range().onField("starred").above(4).createQuery() )
.createQuery();
//look for all myths except religious ones
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.all()
.except( monthQb
.keyword()
.onField( "description_stem" )
.matching( "religion" )
.createQuery()
)
.createQuery();
We already have seen several query options in the previous example, but lets summarize again the options for query types and fields:
boostedTo
(on query type and on field): boost the whole query or the specific field to a given
factorwithConstantScore
(on query): all results matching the query have a constant score equals to the
boostfilteredBy(Filter)
(on query): filter query results using the Filter instanceignoreAnalyzer
(on field): ignore the analyzer when processing this fieldignoreFieldBridge
(on field): ignore field bridge when processing this fieldLet’s check out an example using some of these options
Query luceneQuery = mythQB
.bool()
.should( mythQB.keyword().onField("description").matching("urban").createQuery() )
.should( mythQB
.keyword()
.onField("name")
.boostedTo(3)
.ignoreAnalyzer()
.matching("urban").createQuery() )
.must( mythQB
.range()
.boostedTo(5).withConstantScore()
.onField("starred").above(4).createQuery() )
.createQuery();
As you can see, the Hibernate Search query DSL is an easy to use and easy to read query API and by accepting and producing Lucene queries, you can easily incorporate query types not (yet) supported by the DSL. Please give us feedback!
So far we only covered the process of how to create your Lucene query (see Section 5.1, “Building queries”). However, this is only the first step in the chain of actions. Let’s now see how to build the Hibernate Search query from the Lucene query.
Once the Lucene query is built, it needs to be wrapped into an Hibernate Query. If not specified otherwise, the query will be executed against all indexed entities, potentially returning all types of indexed classes.
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession( session );
org.hibernate.Query fullTextQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery );
It is advised, from a performance point of view, to restrict the returned types:
fullTextQuery = fullTextSession
.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Customer.class);
// or
fullTextQuery = fullTextSession
.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Item.class, Actor.class);
In Example 5.9, “Filtering the search result by entity type” the first example returns only matching Customer
instances,
the second returns matching Actor
and Item
instances. The type restriction is fully polymorphic
which means that if there are two indexed subclasses Salesman
and Customer
of the baseclass
Person
, it is possible to just specify Person.class
in order to filter on result types.
Out of performance reasons it is recommended to restrict the number of returned objects per query. In fact is a very common use case anyway that the user navigates from one page to an other. The way to define pagination is exactly the way you would define pagination in a plain HQL or Criteria query.
org.hibernate.Query fullTextQuery =
fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Customer.class);
fullTextQuery.setFirstResult(15); //start from the 15th element
fullTextQuery.setMaxResults(10); //return 10 elements
It is still possible to get the total number of matching elements regardless of the pagination via fulltextQuery.getResultSize()
Apache Lucene provides a very flexible and powerful way to sort results. While the default sorting (by relevance) is appropriate most of the time, it can be interesting to sort by one or several other properties.
In order to do so, you will have to build a Lucene Sort
object, which can be done by using either the Hibernate Search sort DSL or the native Lucene SortField
class.
If you use the Hibernate Search sort DSL, it will look like this:
Sort
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
Query luceneQuery = /* ... */;
FullTextQuery query = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Book.class );
Sort sort = builder
.sort()
.byField("author").desc() // Descending order
.andByField("title") // Default order (ascending)
.createSort();
query.setSort(sort);
List results = query.list();
If you use the Sort DSL (like in the example above) to target fields indexed through custom FieldBridge
s,
then those field bridges must implement MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
,
so as to define the type of those fields and to mention that they are sortable.
Alternatively, you may build your sort using the Lucene SortField
class directly. Then you will have to always specify the sort field type manually.
Sort
FullTextQuery query = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Book.class );
org.apache.lucene.search.Sort sort = new Sort(
new SortField("author", SortField.Type.STRING),
new SortField("title", SortField.Type.STRING));
query.setSort(sort);
List results = query.list();
Be aware that fields used for sorting must not be tokenized (see Section 4.1.1.2, “@Field”). Also they should
be marked as sortable field using the @SortableField
annotation (see Section 4.1.1.4, “@SortableField”).
By default, Hibernate Search will expect every document to contain exactly one value for the given sort fields. If it’s not the case, you may decide whether documents with missing values will end up in first or last position in the result list:
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
Query luceneQuery = /* ... */;
FullTextQuery query = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Book.class );
Sort sort = builder
.sort()
.byField("author")
.onMissingValue().sortFirst()
.andByField("title")
.createSort();
query.setSort(sort);
List results = query.list();
For numeric fields (and only numeric fields), you may even provide a default value to be used in case it’s missing:
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
Query luceneQuery = /* ... */;
FullTextQuery query = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Book.class );
Sort sort = builder
.sort()
.byField("authorId")
.onMissingValue().use(42L) // Assume the ID is 42 when it's missing
.andByField("title")
.createSort();
query.setSort(sort);
List results = query.list();
The use(Object)
method expects a value matching the actual type of the field. Field bridges, if any, are not applied.
Thus, in the example above, providing an Author
instead of the identifier directly would not work.
If you happen to find a sorting feature that is supported by Lucene, but not yet implemented in Hibernate Search sort DSL. If so, you may still use the DSL to mix a native SortField
with DSL-defined sorts:
SortField
sQueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
Query luceneQuery = /* ... */;
FullTextQuery query = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Book.class );
SortField complexSortField = /* ... */;
Sort sort = builder
.sort()
.byField("author")
.andByNative(complexSortField)
.createSort();
query.setSort(sort);
List results = query.list();
When you restrict the return types to one class, Hibernate Search loads the objects using a single query. It also respects the static fetching strategy defined in your domain model.
It is often useful, however, to refine the fetching strategy for a specific use case.
Criteria criteria =
s.createCriteria(Book.class).setFetchMode("authors", FetchMode.JOIN);
s.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery).setCriteriaQuery(criteria);
In this example, the query will return all Books matching the luceneQuery. The authors collection will be loaded from the same query using an SQL outer join.
When defining a criteria query, it is not necessary to restrict the returned entity types when creating the Hibernate Search query from the full text session: the type is guessed from the criteria query itself.
Only fetch mode can be adjusted, refrain from applying any other restriction. While it is known to
work as of Hibernate Search 4, using restriction (ie a where clause) on your Criteria query should
be avoided when possible. getResultSize()
will throw a SearchException
if used in conjunction with a
Criteria with restriction.
You cannot use setCriteriaQuery if more than one entity type is expected to be returned.
For some use cases, returning the domain object (including its associations) is overkill. Only a small subset of the properties is necessary. Hibernate Search allows you to return a subset of properties:
org.hibernate.search.FullTextQuery query =
s.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Book.class);
query.setProjection("id", "summary", "body", "mainAuthor.name");
List results = query.list();
Object[] firstResult = (Object[]) results.get(0);
Integer id = firstResult[0];
String summary = firstResult[1];
String body = firstResult[2];
String authorName = firstResult[3];
Hibernate Search extracts the properties from the Lucene index and convert them back to their object
representation, returning a list of Object[]
. Projections avoid a potential database round trip
(useful if the query response time is critical). However, it also has several constraints:
@Field(store=Store.YES)
), which
increases the index sizeFieldBridge
implementing org.hibernate.search.bridge.TwoWayFieldBridge or org.hibernate.search.bridge.TwoWayStringBridge
, the latter being the simpler version.All Hibernate Search built-in types are two-way.
@IndexedEmbedded
Projection is also useful for another kind of use case. Lucene can provide metadata information about the results. By using some special projection constants, the projection mechanism can retrieve this metadata:
org.hibernate.search.FullTextQuery query =
s.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Book.class);
query.setProjection(
FullTextQuery.SCORE,
FullTextQuery.THIS,
"mainAuthor.name" );
List results = query.list();
Object[] firstResult = (Object[]) results.get(0);
float score = firstResult[0];
Book book = firstResult[1];
String authorName = firstResult[2];
You can mix and match regular fields and projection constants. Here is the list of the available constants:
FullTextQuery.THIS
: returns the initialized and managed entity (as a non projected query would
have done).FullTextQuery.DOCUMENT
: returns the Lucene Document related to the object projected.FullTextQuery.OBJECT_CLASS
: returns the class of the indexed entity.FullTextQuery.SCORE
: returns the document score in the query. Scores are handy to compare one
result against an other for a given query but are useless when comparing the result of different
queries.FullTextQuery.ID
: the id property value of the projected object.FullTextQuery.DOCUMENT_ID
: the Lucene document id. Careful, Lucene document id can change
overtime between two different IndexReader opening.FullTextQuery.EXPLANATION
: returns the Lucene Explanation object for the matching object/document
in the given query. Do not use if you retrieve a lot of data. Running explanation typically is as
costly as running the whole Lucene query per matching element. Make sure you use projection!By default, Hibernate Search uses the most appropriate strategy to initialize entities matching your full text query. It executes one (or several) queries to retrieve the required entities. This is the best approach to minimize database round trips in a scenario where none / few of the retrieved entities are present in the persistence context (ie the session) or the second level cache.
If most of your entities are present in the second level cache, you can force Hibernate Search to look into the cache before retrieving an object from the database.
FullTextQuery query = session.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, User.class);
query.initializeObjectWith(
ObjectLookupMethod.SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE,
DatabaseRetrievalMethod.QUERY
);
ObjectLookupMethod
defines the strategy used to check if an object is easily accessible (without
database round trip). Other options are:
ObjectLookupMethod.PERSISTENCE_CONTEXT
: useful if most of the matching entities are
already in the persistence context (ie loaded in the Session or EntityManager)ObjectLookupMethod.SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE
: check first the persistence context and then
the second-level cache.Note that to search in the second-level cache, several settings must be in place:
@Cacheable
)Session
, EntityManager
or Query
must allow access to the second-level cache for
read access (ie CacheMode.NORMAL
in Hibernate native APIs or CacheRetrieveMode.USE
in JPA 2 APIs).Avoid using ObjectLookupMethod.SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE
unless your second level cache
implementation is either EHCache or Infinispan; other second level cache providers don’t currently
implement this operation efficiently.
You can also customize how objects are loaded from the database (if not found before). Use
DatabaseRetrievalMethod
for that:
QUERY
(default): use a (set of) queries to load several objects in batch. This is usually the
best approach.FIND_BY_ID
: load objects one by one using the Session.get
or EntityManager.find
semantic.
This might be useful if batch-size is set on the entity (in which case, entities will be loaded in
batch by Hibernate Core). QUERY should be preferred almost all the time.The defaults for both methods, the object lookup as well as the database retrieval can also be
configured via configuration properties. This way you don’t have to specify your preferred methods on
each query creation. The property names are hibernate.search.query.object_lookup_method
and hibernate.search.query.database_retrieval_method
respectively. As value use the name of the
method (upper- or lowercase). For example:
hibernate.search.query.object_lookup_method = second_level_cache hibernate.search.query.database_retrieval_method = query
You can limit the time a query takes in Hibernate Search in two ways:
You can decide to stop a query if when it takes more than a predefined amount of time. Note that this is a best effort basis but if Hibernate Search still has significant work to do and if we are beyond the time limit, a QueryTimeoutException will be raised (org.hibernate.QueryTimeoutException or javax.persistence.QueryTimeoutException depending on your programmatic API).
To define the limit when using the native Hibernate APIs, use one of the following approaches
Query luceneQuery = ...;
FullTextQuery query = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, User.class);
//define the timeout in seconds
query.setTimeout(5);
//alternatively, define the timeout in any given time unit
query.setTimeout(450, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
try {
query.list();
}
catch (org.hibernate.QueryTimeoutException e) {
//do something, too slow
}
Likewise getResultSize()
, iterate()
and scroll()
honor the timeout but only until the end of
the method call. That simply means that the methods of Iterable or the ScrollableResults ignore the
timeout.
explain()
does not honor the timeout: this method is used for debug purposes and in particular to find out why a query is slow
When using JPA, simply use the standard way of limiting query execution time.
Query luceneQuery = ...;
FullTextQuery query = fullTextEM.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, User.class);
//define the timeout in milliseconds
query.setHint( "javax.persistence.query.timeout", 450 );
try {
query.getResultList();
}
catch (javax.persistence.QueryTimeoutException e) {
//do something, too slow
}
Remember, this is a best effort approach and does not guarantee to stop exactly on the specified timeout.
Alternatively, you can return the number of results which have already been fetched by the time the limit is reached. Note that only the Lucene part of the query is influenced by this limit. It is possible that, if you retrieve managed object, it takes longer to fetch these objects.
This approach is not compatible with the setTimeout approach.
To define this soft limit, use the following approach
Query luceneQuery = ...;
FullTextQuery query = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, User.class);
//define the timeout in seconds
query.limitExecutionTimeTo(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
List results = query.list();
Likewise getResultSize()
, iterate()
and scroll()
honor the time limit but only until the end
of the method call. That simply means that the methods of Iterable or the ScrollableResults
ignore
the timeout.
You can determine if the results have been partially loaded by invoking the hasPartialResults
method.
Query luceneQuery = ...;
FullTextQuery query = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, User.class);
//define the timeout in seconds
query.limitExecutionTimeTo(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
List results = query.list();
if ( query.hasPartialResults() ) {
displayWarningToUser();
}
If you use the JPA API, limitExecutionTimeTo and hasPartialResults are also available to you.
Once the Hibernate Search query is built, executing it is in no way different than executing a HQL
or Criteria query. The same paradigm and object semantic applies. All the common operations are
available: list()
, uniqueResult()
, iterate()
, scroll()
.
If you expect a reasonable number of results (for example using pagination) and expect to work on
all of them, list()
or uniqueResult()
are recommended. list()
work best if the entity batch-size
is set up properly. Note that Hibernate Search has to process all Lucene Hits elements (within the
pagination) when using list()
, uniqueResult()
and iterate()
.
If you wish to minimize Lucene document loading, scroll()
is more appropriate. Don’t forget to close
the ScrollableResults
object when you’re done, since it keeps Lucene resources. If you expect to use
scroll, but wish to load objects in batch, you can use query.setFetchSize()
. When an object is
accessed, and if not already loaded, Hibernate Search will load the next fetchSize
objects in one
pass.
Pagination is preferred over scrolling.
It is sometimes useful to know the total number of matching documents:
Of course it would be too costly to retrieve all the matching documents. Hibernate Search allows you to retrieve the total number of matching documents regardless of the pagination parameters. Even more interesting, you can retrieve the number of matching elements without triggering a single object load.
org.hibernate.search.FullTextQuery query =
s.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Book.class);
//return the number of matching books without loading a single one
assert 3245 == query.getResultSize();
org.hibernate.search.FullTextQuery query =
s.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Book.class);
query.setMaxResult(10);
List results = query.list();
//return the total number of matching books regardless of pagination
assert 3245 == query.getResultSize();
Like Google, the number of results is an approximation if the index is not fully up-to-date with the database (asynchronous cluster for example).
As seen in Section 5.1.3.5, “Projection” projection results are returns as Object arrays. This data structure is not always matching the application needs. In this cases It is possible to apply a ResultTransformer which post query execution can build the needed data structure:
org.hibernate.search.FullTextQuery query =
s.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Book.class);
query.setProjection("title", "mainAuthor.name");
query.setResultTransformer(
new StaticAliasToBeanResultTransformer(
BookView.class,
"title",
"author" )
);
ListBookView>; results = (List<BookView>) query.list();
for (BookView view : results) {
log.info("Book: " + view.getTitle() + ", " + view.getAuthor());
}
Examples of ResultTransformer implementations can be found in the Hibernate Core codebase.
You will find yourself sometimes puzzled by a result showing up in a query or a result not showing up in a query. Luke is a great tool to understand those mysteries. However, Hibernate Search also gives you access to the Lucene Explanation object for a given result (in a given query). This class is considered fairly advanced to Lucene users but can provide a good understanding of the scoring of an object. You have two ways to access the Explanation object for a given result:
The first approach takes a document id as a parameter and return the Explanation object. The
document id can be retrieved using projection and the FullTextQuery.DOCUMENT_ID
constant.
The Document id has nothing to do with the entity id. Do not mess up these two notions.
In the second approach you project the Explanation object using the FullTextQuery.EXPLANATION
constant.
FullTextQuery ftQuery = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Dvd.class )
.setProjection(
FullTextQuery.DOCUMENT_ID,
FullTextQuery.EXPLANATION,
FullTextQuery.THIS );
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") List<Object[]> results = ftQuery.list();
for (Object[] result : results) {
Explanation e = (Explanation) result[1];
display( e.toString() );
}
Be careful, building the explanation object is quite expensive, it is roughly as expensive as running the Lucene query again. Don’t do it if you don’t need the object
Apache Lucene has a powerful feature that allows to filter query results according to a custom filtering process. This is a very powerful way to apply additional data restrictions, especially since filters can be cached and reused. Some interesting use cases are:
Hibernate Search pushes the concept further by introducing the notion of parameterizable named filters which are transparently cached. For people familiar with the notion of Hibernate Core filters, the API is very similar:
fullTextQuery = s.createFullTextQuery(query, Driver.class);
fullTextQuery.enableFullTextFilter("bestDriver");
fullTextQuery.enableFullTextFilter("security").setParameter("login", "andre");
fullTextQuery.list(); //returns only best drivers where andre has credentials
In this example we enabled two filters on top of the query. You can enable (or disable) as many filters as you like.
Declaring filters is done through the @FullTextFilterDef
annotation.
You can use @FullTextFilterDef
or @FullTextFilterDefs
on any:
*@Indexed
entity regardless of the query the filter is later applied to
* Parent class of an @Indexed
entity
* package-info.java of a package containing an @Indexed
entity
This implies that filter definitions are global and their names must be unique.
A SearchException
is thrown in case two different @FullTextFilterDef
annotations
with the same name are defined. Each named filter has to
specify its actual filter implementation.
@Entity
@Indexed
@FullTextFilterDefs( {
@FullTextFilterDef(name = "bestDriver", impl = BestDriversFilter.class),
@FullTextFilterDef(name = "security", impl = SecurityFilterFactory.class)
})
public class Driver { ... }
public class BestDriversFilter extends QueryWrapperFilter {
public BestDriversFilter() {
super( new TermQuery( new Term( "score", "5" ) ) );
}
}
BestDriversFilter
is an example of a simple Lucene filter which reduces the result set to drivers
whose score is 5. In this example we use org.apache.lucene.search.QueryWrapperFilter
, which extends
org.apache.lucene.search.Filter
, as it’s a convenient way to wrap a Lucene Query.
Make sure the Filter has a public constructor which does not require any parameter.
If your Filter creation requires additional steps or if the filter you want to use does not have a no-arg constructor, you can use the factory pattern:
@Entity
@Indexed
@FullTextFilterDef(name = "bestDriver", impl = BestDriversFilterFactory.class)
public class Driver { ... }
public class BestDriversFilterFactory {
@Factory
public Filter getFilter() {
//some additional steps to cache the filter results per IndexReader
Filter bestDriversFilter = new BestDriversFilter();
return new CachingWrapperFilter(bestDriversFilter);
}
}
Hibernate Search will look for a @Factory
annotated method and use it to build the filter
instance. The factory must have a no-arg constructor.
Named filters come in handy where parameters have to be passed to the filter. For example a security filter might want to know which security level you want to apply:
fullTextQuery = s.createFullTextQuery(query, Driver.class);
fullTextQuery.enableFullTextFilter("security").setParameter("level", 5);
Each parameter must have an associated setter on either the filter or filter factory of the targeted named filter definition.
public class SecurityFilterFactory {
private Integer level;
/**
* injected parameter
*/
public void setLevel(Integer level) {
this.level = level;
}
@Factory
public Filter getFilter() {
Query query = new TermQuery( new Term( "level", level.toString() ) );
return new CachingWrapperFilter( new QueryWrapperFilter(query) );
}
}
Filters will be cached once created, based on all their parameter names and values.
Caching happens using a combination of
hard and soft references to allow disposal of memory when needed. The hard reference cache keeps
track of the most recently used filters and transforms the ones least used to SoftReferences when
needed. Once the limit of the hard reference cache is reached additional filters are cached as
SoftReferences. To adjust the size of the hard reference cache, use
hibernate.search.filter.cache_strategy.size
(defaults to 128). For advanced use of filter
caching, you can implement your own FilterCachingStrategy. The classname is defined by
hibernate.search.filter.cache_strategy
.
This filter caching mechanism should not be confused with caching the actual filter results. In
Lucene it is common practice to wrap filters using the IndexReader around a CachingWrapperFilter
.
The wrapper will cache the DocIdSet returned from the getDocIdSet(IndexReader reader)
method to
avoid expensive re-computation. It is important to mention that the computed DocIdSet
is only
cachable for the same IndexReader instance, because the reader effectively represents the state of
the index at the moment it was opened. The document list cannot change within an opened
IndexReader
. A different/new IndexReader
instance, however, works potentially on a different set
of Documents (either from a different index or simply because the index has changed), hence the
cached DocIdSet has to be recomputed.
Hibernate Search also helps with this aspect of caching. Per default the cache
flag of
@FullTextFilterDef
is set to FilterCacheModeType.INSTANCE_AND_DOCIDSETRESULTS
which will
automatically cache the filter instance as well as wrap the specified filter around a Hibernate
specific implementation of CachingWrapperFilter
. In contrast to Lucene’s version of this class
SoftReferences
are used together with a hard reference count (see discussion about filter cache).
The hard reference count can be adjusted using hibernate.search.filter.cache_docidresults.size
(defaults to 5). The wrapping behavior can be controlled using the @FullTextFilterDef.cache
parameter. There are three different values for this parameter:
Value | Definition |
---|---|
FilterCacheModeType.NONE | No filter instance and no result is cached by Hibernate Search. For every filter call, a new filter instance is created. This setting might be useful for rapidly changing data sets or heavily memory constrained environments. |
FilterCacheModeType.INSTANCE_ONLY | The filter instance is cached and reused across concurrent Filter.getDocIdSet() calls. DocIdSet results are not cached. This setting is useful when a filter uses its own specific caching mechanism or the filter results change dynamically due to application specific events making DocIdSet caching in both cases unnecessary. |
FilterCacheModeType.INSTANCE_AND_DOCIDSETRESULTS | Both the filter instance and the DocIdSet results are cached. This is the default value. |
Last but not least - why should filters be cached? There are two areas where filter caching shines:
It is possible, in a sharded environment to execute queries on a subset of the available shards. This can be done in two steps:
Let’s first look at an example of sharding strategy that query on a specific customer shard if the customer filter is activated.
public class CustomerShardingStrategy implements IndexShardingStrategy {
// stored IndexManagers in a array indexed by customerID
private IndexManager[] indexManagers;
public void initialize(Properties properties, IndexManager[] indexManagers) {
this.indexManagers = indexManagers;
}
public IndexManager[] getIndexManagersForAllShards() {
return indexManagers;
}
public IndexManager getIndexManagerForAddition(
Class<?> entity, Serializable id, String idInString, Document document) {
Integer customerID = Integer.parseInt(document.getFieldable("customerID").stringValue());
return indexManagers[customerID];
}
public IndexManager[] getIndexManagersForDeletion(
Class<?> entity, Serializable id, String idInString) {
return getIndexManagersForAllShards();
}
/**
* Optimization; don't search ALL shards and union the results; in this case, we
* can be certain that all the data for a particular customer Filter is in a single
* shard; simply return that shard by customerID.
*/
public IndexManager[] getIndexManagersForQuery(
FullTextFilterImplementor[] filters) {
FullTextFilter filter = getCustomerFilter(filters, "customer");
if (filter == null) {
return getIndexManagersForAllShards();
}
else {
return new IndexManager[] { indexManagers[Integer.parseInt(
filter.getParameter("customerID").toString())] };
}
}
private FullTextFilter getCustomerFilter(FullTextFilterImplementor[] filters, String name) {
for (FullTextFilterImplementor filter: filters) {
if (filter.getName().equals(name)) return filter;
}
return null;
}
}
In this example, if the filter named customer
is present, we make sure to only use the shard
dedicated to this customer. Otherwise, we return all shards. A given Sharding strategy can react to
one or more filters and depends on their parameters.
The second step is simply to activate the filter at query time. While the filter can be a regular
filter (as defined in Section 5.3, “Filters”) which also filters Lucene results after the query, you can
make use of a special filter that will only be passed to the sharding strategy and otherwise ignored
for the rest of the query. Simply use the ShardSensitiveOnlyFilter
class when declaring your filter.
@Entity @Indexed
@FullTextFilterDef(name="customer", impl=ShardSensitiveOnlyFilter.class)
public class Customer {
// ...
}
FullTextQuery query = ftEm.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Customer.class);
query.enableFulltextFilter("customer").setParameter("CustomerID", 5);
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
List<Customer> results = query.getResultList();
Note that by using the ShardSensitiveOnlyFilter
, you do not have to implement any Lucene filter.
Using filters and sharding strategy reacting to these filters is recommended to speed up queries in
a sharded environment.
Faceted search is a technique which allows to divide the results of a query into multiple categories. This categorization includes the calculation of hit counts for each category and the ability to further restrict search results based on these facets (categories). Figure 5.1, “Facets Example on Amazon” shows a faceting example. The search for 'Hibernate Search' results in fifteen hits which are displayed on the main part of the page. The navigation bar on the left, however, shows the categoryComputers & Internet with its subcategories Programming, Computer Science, Databases, Software, Web Development, Networking and Home Computing. For each of these subcategories the number of books is shown matching the main search criteria and belonging to the respective subcategory. This division of the category Computers & Internet is one facet of this search. Another one is for example the average customer review rating.
In Hibernate Search the classes QueryBuilder
and FullTextQuery
are the entry point to the faceting
API. The former allows to create faceting requests whereas the latter gives access to the so called
FacetManager
. With the help of the FacetManager
faceting requests can be applied on a query and
selected facets can be added to an existing query in order to refine search results. The following
sections will describe the faceting process in more detail. The examples will use the entity Cd
as
shown in Example 5.33, “Example entity for faceting”:
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Cd {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private int id;
@Field,
private String name;
@Field(analyze = Analyze.NO)
@Facet
private int price;
@Field(analyze = Analyze.NO)
@DateBridge(resolution = Resolution.YEAR)
@Facet
private Date releaseYear;
@Field(analyze = Analyze.NO)
@Facet
private String label;
// setter/getter
// ...
In order to facet on a given indexed field, the field needs to be configured with the @Facet
annotation. Also, the field itself cannot be analyzed.
@Facet
contains a name
and forField
parameter. The name
is arbitrary and used to identify
the facet. Per default it matches the field name it belongs to. forField
is relevant in case the
property is mapped to multiple fields using @Fields
(see also Section 4.1.2, “Mapping properties multiple times”). In this case
forField
can be used to identify the index field to which it applies. Mirroring @Fields
there
also exists a @Facets
annotation in case multiple fields need to be targeted by faceting.
Last but not least, @Facet
contains a
encoding
parameter. Usually, Hibernate Search automatically selects the encoding:
FacetEncodingType.STRING
byte
, short
, int
, long
(including corresponding wrapper types) and Date
as FacetEncodingType.LONG
float
and double
(including corresponding wrapper types) as FacetEncodingType.DOUBLE`In some cases it can make sense, however, to explicitly set the encoding.
Discrete faceting requests for example only work for string encoded
facets. In order to use a discrete facet for numbers the encoding must be explicitly set to
FacetEncodingType.STRING
.
Pre Hibernate Search 5.2 there was no need to explicitly use a @Facet
annotation. In 5.2 it became
necessary in order to use Lucene’s native faceting API.
The first step towards a faceted search is to create the FacetingRequest
. Currently two types of
faceting requests are supported. The first type is called discrete faceting and the second type
range faceting request.
In the case of a discrete faceting request, you start with giving the request a unique name. This name will later be used to retrieve the facet values (see Section 5.4.4, “Interpreting a Facet result”). Then you need to specify on which index field you want to categorize on and which faceting options to apply. An example for a discrete faceting request can be seen in Example 5.34, “Creating a discrete faceting request”:
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Cd.class).get();
FacetingRequest labelFacetingRequest = builder.facet()
.name("labelFacetRequest")
.onField("label")
.discrete()
.orderedBy(FacetSortOrder.COUNT_DESC)
.includeZeroCounts(false)
.maxFacetCount(3)
.createFacetingRequest();
When executing this faceting request a Facet
instance will be created for each discrete value for
the indexed field label
. The Facet
instance will record the actual field value including how often
this particular field value occurs within the original query results. Parameters orderedBy
,
includeZeroCounts
and maxFacetCount
are optional and can be applied on any faceting request.
Parameter orderedBy
allows to specify in which order the created facets will be returned. The
default is FacetSortOrder.COUNT_DESC
, but you can also sort on the field value. Parameter
includeZeroCount
determines whether facets with a count of 0 will be included in the result (by
default they are not) and maxFacetCount
allows to limit the maximum amount of facets returned.
There are several preconditions an indexed field has to meet in order to categorize (facet) on it:
String
, Date
or of the numeric type byte, shirt, int,
long, double or float (or their respective Java wrapper types).When you need conflicting options, we suggest to index the property twice and use the appropriate field depending on the use case:
@Fields({
@Field(name="price"),
@Field(name="price_facet",
analyze=Analyze.NO,
bridge=@FieldBridge(impl = IntegerBridge.class))
})
private int price;
The creation of a range faceting request is similar. We also start with a name for the request and
the field to facet on. Then we have to specify ranges for the field values. A range faceting request
can be seen in Example 5.35, “Creating a range faceting request”. There, three different price ranges are specified. below
and above
can only be specified once, but you can specify as many from
- to
ranges as you want.
For each range boundary you can also specify via excludeLimit
whether it is included into the range
or not.
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder()
.forEntity(Cd.class)
.get();
FacetingRequest priceFacetingRequest = builder.facet()
.name("priceFaceting")
.onField("price_facet")
.range()
.below(1000)
.from(1001).to(1500)
.above(1500).excludeLimit()
.createFacetingRequest();
The result of applying a faceting request is a list of Facet
instances as seen in
Example 5.36, “Applying a faceting request”. The order within the list is given by the FacetSortOrder
parameter
specified via orderedBy
when creating the faceting request. The default value is
FacetSortOrder.COUNT_DESC
, meaning facets are ordered by their count in descending order (highest
count first). Other values are COUNT_ASC
, FIELD_VALUE
and RANGE_DEFINITION_ORDER
. COUNT_ASC
returns the facets in ascending count order whereas FIELD_VALUE
will return them in alphabetical
order of the facet/category value (see Section 5.4.4, “Interpreting a Facet result”).
RANGE_DEFINITION_ORDER
only applies for range faceting request and returns the facets in the same
order in which the ranges are defined. For Example 5.35, “Creating a range faceting request” this would mean the facet for
the range of below 1000 would be returned first, followed by the facet for the range 1001 to 1500
and finally the facet for above 1500.
In Section 5.4.1, “Creating a faceting request” we have seen how to create a faceting request. Now it is
time to apply it on a query. The key is the FacetManager
which can be retrieved via the
FullTextQuery
(see Example 5.36, “Applying a faceting request”).
// create a fulltext query
Query luceneQuery = builder.all().createQuery(); // match all query
FullTextQuery fullTextQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, Cd.class);
// retrieve facet manager and apply faceting request
FacetManager facetManager = fullTextQuery.getFacetManager();
facetManager.enableFaceting(priceFacetingRequest);
// get the list of Cds
List<Cd> cds = fullTextQuery.list();
...
// retrieve the faceting results
List<Facet> facets = facetManager.getFacets("priceFaceting");
...
You need to enable the faceting request before you execute the query. You do that via
facetManager.enableFaceting(<facetName>)
. You can enable as many faceting requests as you
like. Then you execute the query and retrieve the facet results for a given request via
facetManager.getFacets(<facetname>)
. For each request you will get a list of Facet
instances.
Facet requests stay active and get applied to the fulltext query until they are either explicitly
disabled via disableFaceting(<facetName>)
or the query is discarded
.
Each facet request results in a list of Facet
instances. Each instance represents one facet/category
value. In the CD example (Example 5.34, “Creating a discrete faceting request”) where we want to categorize on the CD
labels, there would for example be a Facet
for each of the record labels Universal, Sony and Warner.
Example 5.37, “Facet API” shows the API of Facet.
public interface Facet {
/**
* @return the faceting name this {@code Facet} belongs to.
*
* @see org.hibernate.search.query.facet.FacetingRequest#getFacetingName()
*/
String getFacetingName();
/**
* Return the {@code Document} field name this facet is targeting.
* The field needs to be indexed with {@code Analyze.NO}.
*
* @return the {@code Document} field name this facet is targeting.
*/
String getFieldName();
/**
* @return the value of this facet. In case of a discrete facet it is the actual
* {@code Document} field value. In case of a range query the value is a
* string representation of the range.
*/
String getValue();
/**
* @return the facet count.
*/
int getCount();
/**
* @return a Lucene {@link Query} which can be executed to retrieve all
* documents matching the value of this facet.
*/
Query getFacetQuery();
}
getFacetingName()
and getFieldName()
are returning the facet request name and the targeted document
field name as specified by the underlying FacetRequest
. For example "Example 5.34, “Creating a discrete faceting request”"
that would be labelFacetRequest
and label
respectively.
The interesting information is provided by getValue()
and getCount()
.
The former is the actual facet/category value, for example a concrete record label
like Universal. The latter returns the count for this value. To stick with the example again, the
count value tells you how many Cds are released under the Universal label. Last but not least,
getFacetQuery()
returns a Lucene query which can be used to retrieve the entities counted in this
facet.
A common use case for faceting is a "drill-down" functionality which allows you to narrow your
original search by applying a given facet on it. To do this, you can apply any of the returned
Facet
instances as additional criteria on your original query via FacetSelection
. FacetSelection
is available via the FacetManager
and allow you to select a facet as query criteria (selectFacets
),
remove a facet restriction (deselectFacets
), remove all facet restrictions (clearSelectedFacets
) and
retrieve all currently selected facets (getSelectedFacets
). Example 5.38, “Restricting query results via the application of a FacetSelection
”
shows an example.
FacetSelection
// create a fulltext query
Query luceneQuery = builder.all().createQuery(); // match all query
FullTextQuery fullTextQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, clazz );
// retrieve facet manager and apply faceting request
FacetManager facetManager = fullTextQuery.getFacetManager();
facetManager.enableFaceting( priceFacetingRequest );
// get the list of Cd
List<Cd> cds = fullTextQuery.list();
assertTrue(cds.size() == 10);
// retrieve the faceting results
List<Facet> facets = facetManager.getFacets( "priceFaceting" );
assertTrue(facets.get(0).getCount() == 2)
// apply first facet as additional search criteria
FacetSelection facetSelection = facetManager.getFacetGroup( "priceFaceting" );
facetSelection.selectFacets( facets.get( 0 ) );
// re-execute the query
cds = fullTextQuery.list();
assertTrue(cds.size() == 2);
Per default selected facets are combined via disjunction (OR). In case a field has multiple values,
like a potential Cd.artists
association, you can also use conjunction (AND) for the facet selection.
FacetSelection
FacetSelection facetSelection = facetManager.getFacetGroup( "artistsFaceting" );
facetSelection.selectFacets( FacetCombine.AND, facets.get( 0 ), facets.get( 1 ) );
Query performance depends on several criteria:
Knowing the executed queries is vital when working on performance optimizations. This is especially the case if your application accepts queries passed in by the user or e.g. dynamically builds queries using the Hibernate Search query DSL.
In order to log all Lucene queries executed by Hibernate Search, enable DEBUG
logging for the log
category org.hibernate.search.fulltext_query
.
As Hibernate core applies changes to the Database, Hibernate Search detects these changes and will update the index automatically (unless the EventListeners are disabled). Sometimes changes are made to the database without using Hibernate, as when backup is restored or your data is otherwise affected; for these cases Hibernate Search exposes the Manual Index APIs to explicitly update or remove a single entity from the index, or rebuild the index for the whole database, or remove all references to a specific type.
All these methods affect the Lucene Index only, no changes are applied to the Database.
Using FullTextSession.index(T entity)
you can directly add or update a specific object instance to
the index. If this entity was already indexed, then the index will be updated. Changes to the index
are only applied at transaction commit.
FullTextSession.index(T entity)
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
Transaction tx = fullTextSession.beginTransaction();
Object customer = fullTextSession.load( Customer.class, 8 );
fullTextSession.index(customer);
tx.commit(); //index only updated at commit time
In case you want to add all instances for a type, or for all indexed types, the recommended approach is to use a MassIndexer: see Section 6.3.2, “Using a MassIndexer” for more details.
The method FullTextSession.index(T entity)
is considered an explicit indexing operation, so any
registered EntityIndexingInterceptor won’t be applied in this case. For more information on
EntityIndexingInterceptor see Section 4.5, “Conditional indexing”.
It is equally possible to remove an entity or all entities of a given type from a Lucene index
without the need to physically remove them from the database. This operation is named purging and is
also done through the FullTextSession
.
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
Transaction tx = fullTextSession.beginTransaction();
for (Customer customer : customers) {
fullTextSession.purge( Customer.class, customer.getId() );
}
tx.commit(); //index is updated at commit time
Purging will remove the entity with the given id from the Lucene index but will not touch the database.
If you need to remove all entities of a given type, you can use the purgeAll method. This operation removes all entities of the type passed as a parameter as well as all its subtypes.
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
Transaction tx = fullTextSession.beginTransaction();
fullTextSession.purgeAll( Customer.class );
//optionally optimize the index
//fullTextSession.getSearchFactory().optimize( Customer.class );
tx.commit(); //index changes are applied at commit time
As in the previous example, it is suggested to optimize the index after many purge operation to actually free the used space.
As is the case with method FullTextSession.index(T entity)
, also purge
and purgeAll
are
considered explicit indexing operations: any registered EntityIndexingInterceptor
won’t be
applied. For more information on EntityIndexingInterceptor
see
Section 4.5, “Conditional indexing”.
Methods index, purge and purgeAll are available on FullTextEntityManager as well.
All manual indexing methods (index, purge and purgeAll) only affect the index, not the database, nevertheless they are transactional and as such they won’t be applied until the transaction is successfully committed, or you make use of flushToIndexes.
If you change the entity mapping to the index, chances are that the whole index needs to be updated; for example if you decide to index an existing field using a different analyzer you’ll need to rebuild the index for affected types. Also if the Database is replaced (like restored from a backup, imported from a legacy system) you’ll want to be able to rebuild the index from existing data. Hibernate Search provides two main strategies to choose from:
FullTextSession.flushToIndexes()
periodically, while using FullTextSession.index() on all
entities.When you change the entity mapping to the index, if you don’t know whether the changes require a full reindexing or not, you can follow this rule of thumb:
Rebuilding the whole index is not required if all you did was:
@Indexed
annotation on an entity which has no rows in database.This strategy consists in removing the existing index and then adding all entities back to the index
using FullTextSession.purgeAll()
and FullTextSession.index()
, however there are some memory and
efficiency constraints. For maximum efficiency Hibernate Search batches index operations and executes
them at commit time. If you expect to index a lot of data you need to be careful about memory
consumption since all documents are kept in a queue until the transaction commit. You can
potentially face an OutOfMemoryException
if you don’t empty the queue periodically: to do this you
can use fullTextSession.flushToIndexes()
. Every time fullTextSession.flushToIndexes()
is called (or
if the transaction is committed), the batch queue is processed applying all index changes. Be aware
that, once flushed, the changes cannot be rolled back.
fullTextSession.setFlushMode(FlushMode.MANUAL);
fullTextSession.setCacheMode(CacheMode.IGNORE);
transaction = fullTextSession.beginTransaction();
//Scrollable results will avoid loading too many objects in memory
ScrollableResults results = fullTextSession.createCriteria( Email.class )
.setFetchSize(BATCH_SIZE)
.scroll(ScrollMode.FORWARD_ONLY);
int index = 0;
while(results.next()) {
index++;
fullTextSession.index(results.get(0)); //index each element
if (index % BATCH_SIZE == 0) {
fullTextSession.flushToIndexes(); //apply changes to indexes
fullTextSession.clear(); //free memory since the queue is processed
}
}
transaction.commit();
Try to use a batch size that guarantees that your application will not run out of memory: with a bigger batch size objects are fetched faster from database but more memory is needed.
Hibernate Search’s MassIndexer uses several parallel threads to rebuild the index; you can optionally select which entities need to be reloaded or have it reindex all entities. This approach is optimized for best performance but requires to set the application in maintenance mode: making queries to the index is not recommended when a MassIndexer is busy.
fullTextSession.createIndexer().startAndWait();
This will rebuild the index, deleting it and then reloading all entities from the database. Although it’s simple to use, some tweaking is recommended to speed up the process: there are several parameters configurable.
During the progress of a MassIndexer the content of the index is undefined! If a query is performed while the MassIndexer is working most likely some results will be missing.
fullTextSession
.createIndexer( User.class )
.batchSizeToLoadObjects( 25 )
.cacheMode( CacheMode.NORMAL )
.threadsToLoadObjects( 12 )
.idFetchSize( 150 )
.transactionTimeout( 1800 )
.progressMonitor( monitor ) //a MassIndexerProgressMonitor implementation
.startAndWait();
This will rebuild the index of all User
instances (and subtypes), and will create 12 parallel
threads to load the User instances using batches of 25 objects per query; these same 12 threads will
also need to process indexed embedded relations and custom FieldBridges or ClassBridges, to finally
output a Lucene document. In this conversion process these threads are likely going to need to
trigger lazy loading of additional attributes, so you will probably need a high number of threads
working in parallel. When run in a JTA environment such as the WildFly application server, the mass
indexer will use a timeout of 1800 seconds (= 30 minutes) for its transactions. Configure a timeout
value which is long enough to load and index all entities of the type with the most instances,
taking into account the configured batch size and number of threads to load objects. Note that
these transactions are read-only, so choosing a substantially large value should pose no problem in
general.
As of Hibernate Search 4.4.0, instead of indexing all the types in parallel, the MassIndexer is
configured by default to index only one type in parallel. It prevents resource exhaustion especially
database connections and usually does not slow down the indexing. You can however configure this
behavior using MassIndexer.typesToIndexInParallel(int threadsToIndexObjects)
:
fullTextSession
.createIndexer( User.class, Customer.class )
.typesToIndexInParallel( 2 )
.batchSizeToLoadObjects( 25 )
.cacheMode( CacheMode.NORMAL )
.threadsToLoadObjects( 5 )
.idFetchSize( 150 )
.progressMonitor( monitor ) //a MassIndexerProgressMonitor implementation
.startAndWait();
Generally we suggest to leave cacheMode to CacheMode.IGNORE
(the default), as in most reindexing
situations the cache will be a useless additional overhead; it might be useful to enable some other
CacheMode
depending on your data: it could increase performance if the main entity is relating to
enum-like data included in the index.
The MassIndexer was designed for speed and is unaware of transactions, so there is no need to begin one or committing. Also because it is not transactional it is not recommended to let users use the system during its processing, as it is unlikely people will be able to find results and the system load might be too high anyway.
The MassIndexer was designed to finish the re-indexing task as quickly as possible, but this requires a bit of care in its configuration to behave fairly with your server resources.
There is a simple formula to understand how the different options applied to the MassIndexer affect the number of used worker threads and connections: each thread will require a JDBC connection.
threads = typesToIndexInParallel * (threadsToLoadObjects + 1); required JDBC connections = threads;
Let’s see some suggestions for a roughly sane tuning starting point:
typesToIndexInParallel
should probably be a low value, like 1 or 2, depending on how much
of your CPUs have spare cycles and how slow a database round trip will be.threadsToLoadObjects
higher increases the pre-loading rate for the picked entities from
the database, but also increases memory usage and the pressure on the threads working on subsequent
indexing.Running the MassIndexer with many threads will require many connections to the database. If you don’t have a sufficiently large connection pool, the MassIndexer itself and/or your other applications could starve being unable to serve other requests: make sure you size your connection pool accordingly to the options as explained in the above paragraph.
The "sweet spot" of number of threads to achieve best performance is highly dependent on your overall architecture, database design and even data values. All internal thread groups have meaningful names so they should be easily identified with most diagnostic tools, including simply thread dumps.
The provided MassIndexer is quite general purpose, and while we believe it’s a robust approach, you might be able to squeeze some better performance by writing a custom implementation. To run your own MassIndexer instead of using the one shipped with Hibernate Search you have to:
org.hibernate.search.spi.MassIndexerFactory
interface;hibernate.search.massindexer.factoryclass
with the qualified class name of the
factory implementation.package org.myproject
import org.hibernate.search.spi.MassIndexerFactory
// ...
public class CustomIndexerFactory implements MassIndexerFactory {
public void initialize(Properties properties) {
}
public MassIndexer createMassIndexer(...) {
return new CustomIndexer();
}
}
hibernate.search.massindexer.factoryclass = org.myproject.CustomIndexerFactory
Other parameters which affect indexing time and memory consumption are:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].exclusive_index_use
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_buffered_docs
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_merge_docs
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_factor
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_min_size
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_max_size
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_max_optimize_size
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_calibrate_by_deletes
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.ram_buffer_size
Previous versions also had a max_field_length
but this was removed from Lucene, it’s possible
to obtain a similar effect by using a LimitTokenCountAnalyzer
.
All .indexwriter
parameters are Lucene specific and Hibernate Search is just passing these
parameters through - see Section 3.8.1, “Tuning indexing performance” for more details.
The MassIndexer uses a forward only scrollable result to iterate on the primary keys to be loaded,
but MySQL’s JDBC driver will load all values in memory; to avoid this "optimization" set
idFetchSize
to Integer.MIN_VALUE
.
This section explains some low level tricks to keep your indexes at peak performance. We cover some Lucene details which in most cases you don’t have to know about: Hibernate Search will handle these operations optimally and transparently in most cases without the need for further configuration. Still, it is good to know that there are ways to configure the behavior, if the need arises.
The index is physically stored in several smaller segments. Each segment is immutable and represents a generation of index writes. Index segments are periodically compacted, both to merge smaller segments and to remove stale entries; this merging process happens constantly in the background and can be tuned with the options specified in Section 3.8.1, “Tuning indexing performance”, but you can also define policies to fully run index optimizations when it is most suited for your specific workload.
With older versions of Lucene it was important to frequently optimize the index to maintain good performance, but with current Lucene versions this doesn’t apply anymore. The benefit of explicit optimization is very low, and in certain cases even counter-productive. During an explicit optimization the whole index is processed and rewritten inflicting a significant performance cost. Optimization is for this reason a double-edged sword.
Another reason to avoid optimizing the index too often is that an optimization will, as a side effect, invalidate cached filters and field caches and internal buffers need to be refreshed.
Optimizing the index is often not needed, does not benefit write (update) performance at all, and is a slow operation: make sure you need it before activating it.
Of course optimizing the index does not only present drawbacks: after the optimization process is completed and new IndexReader instances have loaded their buffers, queries will perform at peak performance and you will have reclaimed all disk space potentially used by stale entries.
It is recommended to not schedule any optimization, but if you wish to perform it periodically you should run it:
When using a MassIndexer (see Section 6.3.2, “Using a MassIndexer”) it will optimize involved indexes by default at the start and at the end of processing; you can change this behavior by using MassIndexer.optimizeAfterPurge and MassIndexer.optimizeOnFinish respectively. The initial optimization is actually very cheap as it is performed on an empty index: its purpose is to release the storage space occupied by the old index.
While in most cases this is not needed, Hibernate Search can automatically optimize an index after:
The configuration for automatic index optimization can be defined on a global level or per index:
hibernate.search.default.optimizer.operation_limit.max = 1000 hibernate.search.default.optimizer.transaction_limit.max = 100 hibernate.search.Animal.optimizer.transaction_limit.max = 50
With the above example an optimization will be triggered to the Animal
index as soon as either:
If none of these parameters are defined, no optimization is processed automatically.
The default implementation of OptimizerStrategy can be overridden by implementing
org.hibernate.search.store.optimization.OptimizerStrategy
and setting the
optimizer.implementation
property to the fully qualified name of your implementation. This
implementation must implement the interface, be a public class and have a public constructor taking
no arguments.
hibernate.search.default.optimizer.implementation = com.acme.worlddomination.SmartOptimizer hibernate.search.default.optimizer.SomeOption = CustomConfigurationValue hibernate.search.humans.optimizer.implementation = default
The keyword default
can be used to select the Hibernate Search default implementation; all
properties after the .optimizer
key separator will be passed to the implementation’s initialize
method at start.
You can programmatically optimize (defragment) a Lucene index from Hibernate Search through the SearchFactory:
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(regularSession);
SearchFactory searchFactory = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory();
searchFactory.optimize(Order.class);
// or
searchFactory.optimize();
The first example optimizes the Lucene index holding Orders; the second, optimizes all indexes.
searchFactory.optimize()
has no effect on a JMS or JGroups backend: you must apply the optimize operation on the Master node.
The Lucene index is constantly being merged in the background to keep a good balance between write and read performance; in a sense this is a form of background optimization which is always applied.
The following match attributes of Lucene’s IndexWriter and are commonly used to tune how often merging occurs and how aggressive it is applied. They are exposed by Hibernate Search via:
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_buffered_docs
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.max_merge_docs
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.merge_factor
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].indexwriter.ram_buffer_size
See Section 3.8.1, “Tuning indexing performance” for a description of these properties.
Hibernate Search offers access to a Statistics
object via SearchFactory.getStatistics()
.
It allows you for example to determine which classes are indexed and how many entities are in the index.
This information is always available. However, by specifying the
hibernate.search.generate_statistics
property in your configuration you can also collect total
and average Lucene query and object loading timings.
You can also enable access to the statistics via JMX.
Setting the property hibernate.search.jmx_enabled
will automatically register the StatisticsInfoMBean
.
Depending on your the configuration the IndexControlMBean
and IndexingProgressMonitorMBean
will also be
registered. In case you are having more than one JMX enabled Hibernate Search instance running
within a single JVM, you should also set hibernate.search.jmx_bean_suffix
to a different value for
each of the instances. The specified suffix will be used to distinguish between the different MBean
instances. Let’s have a closer look at the mentioned MBeans.
If you want to access your JMX beans remotely via JConsole make sure to set the system property
com.sun.management.jmxremote
to true.
This MBean gives you access to Statistics object as described in the previous section.
This MBean allows to build, optimize and purge the index for a given entity. Indexing occurs via the
mass indexing API (see Section 6.3.2, “Using a MassIndexer”). A requirement for this bean to be
registered in JMX is, that the Hibernate SessionFactory is bound to JNDI via the
hibernate.session_factory_name
property. Refer to the Hibernate Core manual for more
information on how to configure JNDI. The IndexControlMBean and its API are for now experimental.
This MBean is an implementation MassIndexerProgressMonitor interface.
If hibernate.search.jmx_enabled
is enabled and the mass indexer API is used the indexing progress
can be followed via this bean. The bean will only be bound to JMX while indexing is in progress.
Once indexing is completed the MBean is not longer available.
With the spatial extensions you can combine full-text queries with distance restrictions, filter results based on distances or sort results on such a distance criteria.
The spatial support of Hibernate Search has the following goals:
For example, you might search for restaurants somewhere in a 2 km radius around your office.
In order to use the spatial extensions for an indexed entity, you need to add the @Spatial
annotation (org.hibernate.search.annotations.Spatial
) and specify one or more sets of coordinates.
There are different techniques to index point coordinates. Hibernate Search Spatial offers a choice between two strategies:
We will now describe both methods, so you can make a suitable choice. You can pick a different strategy for each set of
coordinates. The strategy is selected by specifying the spatialMode
attribute of the @Spatial
annotation.
When setting the @Spatial.spatialMode
attribute to SpatialMode.RANGE
(which is the default)
coordinates are indexed as numeric fields, so that range queries can be performed to narrow down the
initial area of interest.
Pros:
Cons:
To index your entities for range querying you have to:
@Spatial
annotation on your entity@Latitude
and @Longitude
annotations on your properties representing the coordinates;
these must be of type Double
import org.hibernate.search.annotations.*;
@Entity
@Indexed
@Spatial
public class Hotel {
@Latitude
Double latitude
@Longitude
Double longitude
// ...
When setting @Spatial.spatialMode
to SpatialMode.HASH
the coordinates are encoded in several fields
representing different zoom levels. Each box for each level is labeled so coordinates are assigned
matching labels for each zoom level. This results in a grid encoding of labels called spatial
hashes
.
Pros :
Cons :
To index your entities you have to:
@Spatial
annotation on the entity with the SpatialMode
set to GRID :
@Spatial(spatialMode = SpatialMode.HASH)@Latitude
and @Longitude
annotations on the properties representing your coordinates;
these must be of type Double
@Spatial(spatialMode = SpatialMode.HASH)
@Indexed
@Entity
public class Hotel {
@Latitude
Double latitude;
@Longitude
Double longitude;
// ...
Instead of using the @Latitude
and @Longitude
annotations you can choose to implement the
org.hibernate.search.spatial.Coordinates
interface.
import org.hibernate.search.annotations.*;
import org.hibernate.search.spatial.Coordinates;
@Entity
@Indexed
@Spatial
public class Song implements Coordinates {
@Id long id;
double latitude;
double longitude;
// ...
@Override
Double getLatitude() {
return latitude;
}
@Override
Double getLongitude() {
return longitude;
}
// ...
As we will see in the section Section 9.3, “Multiple Coordinate pairs”, an entity can have multiple @Spatial
annotations;
when having the entity implement Coordinates
, the implemented methods refer to the default @Spatial
annotation with
the default pair of coordinates.
The default (field) name in case @Spatial
is placed on the entity level is org.hibernate.search.annotations.Spatial.COORDINATES_DEFAULT_FIELD
.
An alternative is to use properties implementing the Coordinates
interface; this way you can have
multiple Spatial
instances:
@Entity
@Indexed
public class Event {
@Id
Integer id;
@Field(store = Store.YES)
String name;
double latitude;
double longitude;
@Spatial(spatialMode = SpatialMode.HASH)
public Coordinates getLocation() {
return new Coordinates() {
@Override
public Double getLatitude() {
return latitude;
}
@Override
public Double getLongitude() {
return longitude;
}
};
}
// ...
When using this form the @Spatial.name
automatically defaults to the property name. In the above case to location
.
You can use the Hibernate Search query DSL to build a query to search around a pair of coordinates (latitude, longitude)
or around a bean implementing the Coordinates
interface.
As with any full-text query, the spatial query creation flow looks like:
QueryBuilder
from the SearchFactory
Query
with other filterscreateFullTextQuery()
and use the resulting query like any standard Hibernate or JPA queryQueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity( Hotel.class ).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery = builder
.spatial()
.within( radius, Unit.KM )
.ofLatitude( centerLatitude )
.andLongitude( centerLongitude )
.createQuery();
org.hibernate.Query hibQuery = fullTextSession
.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Hotel.class );
List results = hibQuery.list();
In the above example we did not explicitly specify the field name to use. The default coordinates field name was used implicitly. To target an alternative pair of coordinates at query time, we need to specify the field name as well. See Section 9.3, “Multiple Coordinate pairs”.
A fully working example can be found in the test-suite of the source code.
Refer to SpatialIndexingTest.testSpatialAnnotationOnClassLevel()
and its corresponding Hotel
test class.
Alternatively to passing separate latitude and longitude values, you can also pass an instance implementing the
Coordinates
interface:
Coordinates coordinates = Point.fromDegrees(24d, 31.5d);
Query query = builder
.spatial()
.within( 51, Unit.KM )
.ofCoordinates( coordinates )
.createQuery();
List results = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery( query, POI.class ).list();
To retrieve the actual distance values (in kilometers) you need to use projection (see Section 5.1.3.5, “Projection”):
double centerLatitude = 24.0d;
double centerLongitude= 32.0d;
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(POI.class).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery = builder
.spatial()
.onField("location")
.within(100, Unit.KM)
.ofLatitude(centerLatitude)
.andLongitude(centerLongitude)
.createQuery();
FullTextQuery hibQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, POI.class);
hibQuery.setProjection(FullTextQuery.SPATIAL_DISTANCE, FullTextQuery.THIS);
hibQuery.setSpatialParameters(centerLatitude, centerLongitude, "location");
List results = hibQuery.list();
FullTextQuery.setProjection
with FullTextQuery.SPATIAL_DISTANCE
as one of the projected fields.FullTextQuery.setSpatialParameters
with the latitude, longitude and the name of the
spatial field used to build the spatial query. Note that using coordinates different than the
center used for the query will have unexpected results.The default (field) name in case @Spatial
is placed on the entity level is org.hibernate.search.annotations.Spatial.COORDINATES_DEFAULT_FIELD
.
When a spatial field on an entity has a null
value for either its latitude or longitude (or both),
the resulting projected distance will always be null
.
To sort the results by distance to the center of the search you will have to build a Sort
instance
using Hibernate Search sort DSL:
double centerLatitude = 24.0d;
double centerLongitude = 32.0d;
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity( POI.class ).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery = builder
.spatial()
.onField("location")
.within(100, Unit.KM)
.ofLatitude(centerLatitude)
.andLongitude(centerLongitude)
.createQuery();
FullTextQuery hibQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, POI.class);
List results = query.list();
Sort distanceSort = qb
.sort()
.byDistance()
.onField("location")
.fromLatitude(centerLatitude)
.andLongitude(centerLongitude)
.createSort();
hibQuery.setSort(distanceSort);
The sort must be constructed using the same coordinates on the same spatial field used to build the spatial query, otherwise the sorting will occur with another center than the query. This repetition is needed to allow you to define Queries with any tool.
When a spatial field on an entity has a null
value for either its latitude or longitude (or both):
Alternatively, you may also use a DistanceSortField
directly, as it was done before the introduction of Hibernate Search sort DSL:
double centerLatitude = 24.0d;
double centerLongitude = 32.0d;
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity( POI.class ).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery = builder
.spatial()
.onField("location")
.within(100, Unit.KM)
.ofLatitude(centerLatitude)
.andLongitude(centerLongitude)
.createQuery();
FullTextQuery hibQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(luceneQuery, POI.class);
Sort distanceSort = new Sort(
new DistanceSortField(centerLatitude, centerLongitude, "location"));
hibQuery.setSort(distanceSort);
You can associate multiple pairs of coordinates to the same entity, as long as each pair is
uniquely identified by using a different name. This is achieved by stacking multiple @Spatial
annotations within a single @Spatials
annotation and specifying the name
attribute on the individual @Spatial
annotations.
import org.hibernate.search.annotations.*;
@Entity
@Indexed
@Spatials({
@Spatial,
@Spatial(name="work", spatialMode = SpatialMode.HASH)
})
public class UserEx {
@Id
Integer id;
@Latitude
Double homeLatitude;
@Longitude
Double homeLongitude;
@Latitude(of="work")
Double workLatitude;
@Longitude(of="work")
Double workLongitude;
To target an alternative pair of coordinates at query time, we need to specify the pair by name using onField(String)
:
QueryBuilder builder = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity( UserEx.class ).get();
org.apache.lucene.search.Query luceneQuery = builder
.spatial()
.onField( "work" )
.within( radius, Unit.KM )
.ofLatitude( centerLatitude )
.andLongitude( centerLongitude )
.createQuery();
org.hibernate.Query hibQuery = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery,
Hotel.class );
List results = hibQuery.list();
The following chapter is meant to provide a technical insight in spatial hash (grid) indexing. It discusses how coordinates are mapped to the index and how queries are implemented.
When Hibernate Search indexes an entity annotated with @Spatial
, it instantiates a
SpatialFieldBridge
to transform the latitude and longitude fields accessed via the Coordinates
interface to the multiple index fields stored in the Lucene index.
Principle of the spatial index: the spatial index used in Hibernate Search is a grid based spatial index where grid ids are hashes derived from latitude and longitude.
To make computations easier the latitude and longitude field values will be projected into a flat coordinate system with the help of a sinusoidal projection. Origin value space is :
[-90 → +90],]-180 →; 180]
for latitude,longitude coordinates and projected space is:
]-pi → +pi],[-pi/2 → +pi/2]
for Cartesian x,y coordinates (beware of fields order inversion: x is longitude and y is latitude).
The index is divided into n levels labeled from 0 to n-1.
At the level 0 the projected space is the whole Earth. At the level 1 the projected space is divided into 4 rectangles (called boxes as in bounding box):
[-pi,-pi/2]→[0,0], [-pi,0]→[0,+pi/2], [0,-pi/2]→[+pi,0] and [0,0]→[+pi,+pi/2]
At level n+1 each box of level n is divided into 4 new boxes and so on. The numbers of boxes at a given level is 4^n.
Each box is given an id, in this format: [Box index on the X axis]|[Box index on the Y axis]. To calculate the index of a box on an axis we divide the axis range in 2^n slots and find the slot the box belongs to. At the n level the indexes on an axis are from -(2^n)/2 to (2^n)/2. For instance, the 5th level has 4^5 = 1024 boxes with 32 indexes on each axis (32x32 is 1024) and the box of Id "0|8" is covering the [0,8/32*pi/2]→[1/32*pi,9/32*pi/2] rectangle is projected space.
Beware! The boxes are rectangles in projected space but the related area on Earth is not rectangular!
Now that we have all these boxes at all these levels, we index points "into" them.
For a point (lat,long) we calculate its projection (x,y) and then we calculate for each level of the spatial index, the ids of the boxes it belongs to.
At each level the point is in one and only one box. For points on the edges the box are considered exclusive n the left side and inclusive on the right i-e ]start,end] (the points are normalized before projection to [-90,+90],]-180,+180]).
We store in the Lucene document corresponding to the entity to index one field for each level of the spatial hash grid. The field is named: HSSI[n]. [spatial index fields name] is given either by the parameter at class level annotation or derived from the name of the spatial annotated method of the entity, HSSI stands for Hibernate Search Spatial Index and n is the level of the spatial hashes grid.
We also store the latitude and longitude as a numeric field under [spatial index fields name]_HSSI_Latitude and [spatial index fields name]_HSSI_Longitude fields. They will be used to filter precisely results by distance in the second stage of the search.
Now that we have all these fields, what are they used for?
When you ask for a spatial search by providing a search discus (center+radius) we will calculate the box ids that do cover the search discus in the projected space, fetch all the documents that belong to these boxes (thus narrowing the number of documents for which we will have to calculate distance to the center) and then filter this subset with a real distance calculation. This is called two level spatial filtering.
For a given search radius there is an optimal hash grid level where the number of boxes to retrieve shall be minimal without bringing back to many documents (level 0 has only 1 box but retrieve all documents). The optimal hash grid level is the maximum level where the width of each box is larger than the search area. Near the equator line where projection deformation is minimal, this will lead to the retrieval of at most 4 boxes. Towards the poles where the deformation is more significant, it might need to examine more boxes but as the sinusoidal projection has a simple Tissot’s indicatrix (see Sinusoidal projection) in populated areas, the overhead is minimal.
Now that we have chosen the optimal level, we can compute the ids of the boxes covering the search discus (which is not a discus in projected space anymore).
This is done by org.hibernate.search.spatial.impl.SpatialHelper.getSpatialHashCellsIds(Point center,
double radius, int spatialHashLevel)
It will calculate the bounding box of the search discus and then call
org.hibernate.search.spatial.impl.SpatialHelper.getSpatialHashCellsIds(Point lowerLeft, Point
upperRight, int spatialHashLevel)
that will do the actual computation. If the bounding box crosses
the meridian line it will cut the search in two and make two calls to getSpatialHashCellsIds(Point
lowerLeft, Point upperRight, int spatialHashLevel)
with left and right parts of the box.
There are some geo related hacks (search radius too large, search radius crossing the poles) that
are handled in bounding box computations done by Rectangle.fromBoundingCircle(Coordinates center,
double radius)
(see http://janmatuschek.de/LatitudeLongitudeBoundingCoordinates for reference on
those subjects).
The SpatialHelper.getSpatialHashCellsIds(Point lowerLeft, Point upperRight, int spatialHashLevel)
project the defining points of the bounding box and compute the boxes they belong to. It returns all
the box Ids between the lower left to the upper right corners, thus covering the area.
The query is built with theses Ids searching for documents having a HSSI[n] (n the level found at Step 1) field valued with one of the ids of Step 2.
See also the implementation of org.hibernate.search.spatial.impl.SpatialHashFilter
.
This query will return all documents in the boxes covering the projected bounding box of the search discus. So it is too large and needs refining. But we have narrowed the distance calculation problems to a subset of our data.
A distance calculation filter is set after the Lucene index lookup query of Step 3 to exclude false candidates from the result list.
See SpatialQueryBuilderFromCoordinates.buildSpatialQuery(Coordinates center, double radius, String
fieldName)
In this final chapter we are offering a smörgåsbord of tips and tricks which might become useful as you dive deeper and deeper into Hibernate Search.
SearchFactory
The SearchFactory
object keeps track of the underlying Lucene resources for Hibernate Search. It is
a convenient way to access Lucene natively. The SearchFactory
can be accessed from a
FullTextSession:
SearchFactory
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(regularSession);
SearchFactory searchFactory = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory();
SearchIntegrator
The interface SearchIntegrator
gives access to lower level APIs of Hibernate Search.
You can access the SearchIntegrator
SPI using the SearchFactory (Section 10.1, “Accessing the SearchFactory
”):
SearchIntegrator
SearchIntegrator searchIntegrator = searchFactory.unwrap(SearchIntegrator.class);
IndexReader
Queries in Lucene are executed on an IndexReader
. Hibernate Search caches index readers to maximize
performance and implements other strategies to retrieve updated IndexReaders in order to minimize IO
operations. Your code can access these cached resources, but you have to follow some "good citizen"
rules.
IndexReader
IndexReader reader = searchFactory.getIndexReaderAccessor().open(Order.class);
try {
//perform read-only operations on the reader
}
finally {
searchFactory.getIndexReaderAccessor().close(reader);
}
In this example the SearchFactory figures out which indexes are needed to query this entity. Using
the configured ReaderProvider (described in Section 2.3, “Reader strategy”) on each index,
it returns a compound IndexReader
on top of all involved indexes. Because this IndexReader
is
shared amongst several clients, you must adhere to the following rules:
indexReader.close()
, but always call readerProvider.closeReader(reader)
, using a
finally block.IndexReader
for modification operations: it’s a read-only instace, you would
get an exception.Aside from those rules, you can use the IndexReader
freely, especially to do native Lucene queries.
Using this shared IndexReaders will be more efficient than by opening one directly from - for
example - the filesystem.
As an alternative to the method open(Class… types)
you can use open(String… indexNames)
in this case you pass in one or more index names; using this strategy you can also select a subset
of the indexes for any indexed type if sharding is used.
IndexReader
by index namesIndexReader reader = searchFactory
.getIndexReaderAccessor()
.open("Products.1", "Products.3");
A Directory is the most common abstraction used by Lucene to represent the index storage; Hibernate Search doesn’t interact directly with a Lucene Directory but abstracts these interactions via an IndexManager: an index does not necessarily need to be implemented by a Directory.
If you are certain that your index is represented as a Directory and need to access it, you can get
a reference to the Directory via the IndexManager. You will have to cast the IndexManager instance
to a DirectoryBasedIndexManager and then use getDirectoryProvider().getDirectory()
to get a
reference to the underlying Directory. This is not recommended, if you need low level access to the
index using Lucene APIs we suggest to see Section 10.3, “Using an IndexReader
” instead.
In some cases it can be useful to split (shard) the data into several Lucene indexes. There are two main use use cases:
By default sharding is not enabled.
To enable static sharding set the hibernate.search.<indexName>.sharding_strategy.nbr_of_shards property as seen in Example 10.5, “Enabling index sharding”.
hibernate.search.[default|<indexName>].sharding_strategy.nbr_of_shards = 5
The default sharding strategy which gets enabled by setting this property, splits the data according to the hash value of the document id (generated by the FieldBridge). This ensures a fairly balanced sharding. You can replace the default strategy by implementing a custom IndexShardingStrategy. To use your custom strategy you have to set the hibernate.search.[default|<indexName>].sharding_strategy property to the fully qualified class name of your custom IndexShardingStrategy.
hibernate.search.[default|<indexName>].sharding_strategy = my.custom.RandomShardingStrategy
Dynamic sharding allows you to manage the shards yourself and even create new shards on the fly. To do so you need to implement the interface ShardIdentifierProvider and set the hibernate.search.[default|<indexName>].sharding_strategy property to the fully qualified name of this class. Note that instead of implementing the interface directly, you should rather derive your implementation from org.hibernate.search.store.ShardIdentifierProviderTemplate which provides a basic implementation. Let’s look at Example 10.7, “Custom ShardIdentifierProvider” for an example.
public static class AnimalShardIdentifierProvider extends ShardIdentifierProviderTemplate {
@Override
public String getShardIdentifier(Class<?> entityType, Serializable id,
String idAsString, Document document) {
if (entityType.equals(Animal.class)) {
String typeValue = document.getField("type").stringValue();
addShard(typeValue);
return typeValue;
}
throw new RuntimeException("Animal expected but found " + entityType);
}
@Override
protected Set<String> loadInitialShardNames(Properties properties, BuildContext buildContext) {
ServiceManager serviceManager = buildContext.getServiceManager();
SessionFactory sessionFactory = serviceManager.requestService(
HibernateSessionFactoryService.class).getSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
try {
Criteria initialShardsCriteria = session.createCriteria(Animal.class);
initialShardsCriteria.setProjection(Projections.distinct(Property.forName("type")));
List<String> initialTypes = initialShardsCriteria.list();
return new HashSet<String>(initialTypes);
}
finally {
session.close();
}
}
}
The are several things happening in AnimalShardIdentifierProvider
. First off its purpose is to
create one shard per animal type (e.g. mammal, insect, etc.). It does so by inspecting the class
type and the Lucene document passed to the getShardIdentifier()
method. It extracts the type field
from the document and uses it as shard name. getShardIdentifier()
is called for every addition to
the index and a new shard will be created with every new animal type encountered. The base class
ShardIdentifierProviderTemplate
maintains a set with all known shards to which any identifier must
be added by calling addShard()
.
It is important to understand that Hibernate Search cannot know which shards already exist when the
application starts. When using ShardIdentifierProviderTemplate
as base class of a
ShardIdentifierProvider
implementation, the initial set of shard identifiers must be returned by the
loadInitialShardNames()
method. How this is done will depend on the use case. However, a common case
in combination with Hibernate ORM is that the initial shard set is defined by the distinct
values of a given database column. Example 10.7, “Custom ShardIdentifierProvider” shows how to handle
such a case. AnimalShardIdentifierProvider
makes in its loadInitialShardNames()
implementation use
of a service called HibernateSessionFactoryService
(see also Section 10.7, “Using external services”) which is
available within an ORM environment. It allows to request a Hibernate SessionFactory
instance which
can be used to run a Criteria query in order to determine the initial set of shard identifiers.
Last but not least, the ShardIdentifierProvider
also allows for optimizing searches by selecting
which shard to run a query against. By activating a filter (see Section 5.3.1, “Using filters in a sharded environment”), a sharding
strategy can select a subset of the shards used to answer a query (getShardIdentifiersForQuery()
,
not shown in the example) and thus speed up the query execution.
This ShardIdentifierProvider is considered experimental. We might need to apply some changes to the defined method signatures to accommodate for unforeseen use cases. Please provide feedback if you have ideas, or just to let us know how you’re using this API.
It is technically possible to store the information of more than one entity into a single Lucene index. There are two ways to accomplish this:
hibernate.search.[fully qualified entity name].indexName
to the
same value. As an example, let’s use the same index (directory) for the Furniture
and Animal
entities. We just set indexName
for both entities to "Animal". Both entities will then be stored
in the Animal directory:hibernate.search.org.hibernate.search.test.shards.Furniture.indexName = Animal hibernate.search.org.hibernate.search.test.shards.Animal.indexName = Animal
This is only presented here so that you know the option is available. There is really not much benefit in sharing indexes.
A Service
in Hibernate Search is a class implementing the interface
org.hibernate.search.engine.service.spi.Service
and providing a default no-arg constructor.
Theoretically that’s all that is needed to request a given service type from the Hibernate Search
ServiceManager
. In practice you want probably want to add some service life cycle methods
(implement Startable
and Stoppable
) as well as actual methods providing some functionality.
Hibernate Search uses the service approach to decouple different components of the system. Let’s have a closer look at services and how they are used.
Many of of the pluggable contracts of Hibernate Search can use services. Services are accessible via
the BuildContext
interface as in the following example.
public CustomDirectoryProvider implements DirectoryProvider<RAMDirectory> {
private ServiceManager serviceManager;
private ClassLoaderService classLoaderService;
public void initialize(
String directoryProviderName,
Properties properties,
BuildContext context) {
//get a reference to the ServiceManager
this.serviceManager = context.getServiceManager();
}
public void start() {
//get the current ClassLoaderService
classLoaderService = serviceManager.requestService(ClassLoaderService.class);
}
public RAMDirectory getDirectory() {
//use the ClassLoaderService
}
public stop() {
//make sure to release all services
serviceManager.releaseService(ClassLoaderService.class);
}
}
When you request a service, an instance of the requested service type is returned to you.
Make sure release the service via ServiceManager.releaseService
once you don’t need it
anymore. Note that the service can be released in the DirectoryProvider.stop
method if
the DirectoryProvider
uses the service during its lifetime or could be released right away
if the service is only needed during initialization time.
To implement a service, you need to create an interface which identifies it and extends
org.hibernate.search.engine.service.spi.Service
. You can then add additional methods to your service
interface as needed.
Naturally you will also need to provide an implementation of your service interface. This
implementation must have a public no-arg constructor. Optionally your service can also
implement the life cycle methods org.hibernate.search.engine.service.spi.Startable
and/or org.hibernate.search.engine.service.spi.Stoppable
. These methods will be called by the
ServiceManager
when the service is created respectively the last reference to a requested service
is released.
Services are retrieved from the ServiceManager.requestService
using the Class
object of the
interface you define as a key.
To transparently discover services Hibernate Search uses the Java ServiceLoader mechanism. This means
you need to add a service file to your jar under /META-INF/services/
named after the fully qualified
classname of your service interface. The content of the file contains the fully qualified
classname of your service implementation.
/META-INF/services/org.infinispan.hibernate.search.spi.CacheManagerService
org.infinispan.hibernate.search.impl.DefaultCacheManagerService
Hibernate Search only supports a single service implementation of a given service. There is no mechanism to select between multiple versions of a service. It is an error to have multiple jars defining each a different implementation for the same service. If you want to override the implementation of a already existing service at runtime you will need to look at Section 10.7.2.2, “Provided services”.
Provided services are usually used by frameworks integrating with Hibernate Search and not by library users themselves.
As an alternative to manages services, a service can be provided by the environment bootstrapping
Hibernate Search. For example, Infinispan which uses Hibernate Search as its internal search engine,
passes the CacheContainer
to Hibernate Search.
In this case, the CacheContainer
instance is not managed by Hibernate Search and the start/stop
methods defined by optional Stoppable
and Startable
interfaces will be ignored.
A Service implementation which is only used as a Provided Service doesn’t need to have a public constructor taking no arguments.
Provided services have priority over managed services. If a provided service is registered with the
same ServiceManager
instance as a managed service, the provided service will be used.
The provided services are passed to Hibernate Search via the SearchConfiguration
interface: as
implementor of method getProvidedServices
you can return a Map
of all services you need to
provide.
When implementing a custom org.hibernate.search.cfg.spi.SearchConfiguration
we recommend you
extend the base class org.hibernate.search.cfg.spi.SearchConfigurationBase
: that will improve
compatibility by not breaking your code when we need to add new methods to this interface.
Lucene allows the user to customize its scoring formula by extending org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.Similarity. The abstract methods defined in this class match the factors of the following formula calculating the score of query q for document d:
score(q,d) = coord(q,d) · queryNorm(q) · ∑ ~t in q~ ( tf(t in d) · idf(t) 2 · t.getBoost() · norm(t,d) )
Factor | Description |
---|---|
tf(t ind) | Term frequency factor for the term (t) in the document (d). |
idf(t) | Inverse document frequency of the term. |
coord(q,d) | Score factor based on how many of the query terms are found in the specified document. |
queryNorm(q) | Normalizing factor used to make scores between queries comparable. |
t.getBoost() | Field boost. |
norm(t,d) | Encapsulates a few (indexing time) boost and length factors. |
It is beyond the scope of this manual to explain this formula in more detail. Please refer to Similarity’s Javadocs for more information.
Hibernate Search provides two ways to modify Lucene’s similarity calculation.
First you can set the default similarity by specifying the fully specified classname of your Similarity implementation using the property hibernate.search.similarity. The default value is org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.ClassicSimilarity.
Secondly, you can override the similarity used for a specific index by setting the similarity
property for this index (see Section 3.3, “Directory configuration” for more information about index
configuration):
hibernate.search.[default|<indexname>].similarity = my.custom.Similarity
As an example, let’s assume it is not important how often a term appears in a document. Documents
with a single occurrence of the term should be scored the same as documents with multiple
occurrences. In this case your custom implementation of the method tf(float freq)
should return 1.0.
When two entities share the same index they must declare the same Similarity implementation.
The term multi-tenancy in general is applied to software development to indicate an architecture in which a single running instance of an application simultaneously serves multiple clients (tenants). Isolating information (data, customizations, etc) pertaining to the various tenants is a particular challenge in these systems. This includes the data owned by each tenant stored in the database. You will find more details on how to enable multi-tenancy with Hibernate in the Hibernate ORM developer’s guide.
FullTextSession
Hibernate Search supports multi-tenancy on top of Hibernate ORM, it stores the tenant identifier in the document and automatically filters the query results.
The FullTextSession
will be bound to the specific tenant ("client-A" in the example)
and the mass indexer will only index the entities associated to that tenant identifier.
Session session = getSessionFactory()
.withOptions()
.tenantIdentifier( "client-A" )
.openSession();
FullTextSession session = Search.getFullTextSession( session );
The use of a tenant identifier will have the following effects:
__HSearch_TenantId
containing the tenant identifier.Note that not using a tenant will return all the matching results for all the tenants in the index.
This feature is a work in progress. Make sure to read the Limitations section!
The integration with Elasticsearch is in development and should be considered experimental. We do think we have the basics covered and we are looking for feedback.
Patches can be sent as pull requests to the Github repository, but also general feedback, suggestions and questions are very welcome. To get in touch or find other interesting links for contributors, see the Community page of the Hibernate website.
The goal of integrating with Elasticsearch is to allow Hibernate Search users to benefit from the full-text capabilities integrated with Hibernate ORM but replacing the local Lucene based index with a remote Elasticsearch service.
There could be various reasons to prefer this over an "embedded Lucene" approach:
There are a couple of drawbacks compared to the embedded Lucene approach though:
Which solution is best will depend on the specific needs of your system and your organization.
The #1 reason is that Hibernate Search integrates perfectly with Hibernate ORM. All changes done to your objects will trigger the necessary index changes transparently.
There is no more paradigm shift in your code. You are working on Hibernate ORM managed objects, doing your queries on object properties with a nice DSL.
To experiment with the Elasticsearch integration you will have to download Elasticsearch and run it: Hibernate Search connects to an Elasticsearch node but does not provide one.
One option is to use the Elasticsearch Docker image.
Start an Elasticsearch node via Docker.
docker pull elasticsearch
docker run -p 9200:9200 -d -v "$PWD/plugin_dir":/usr/share/elasticsearch/plugins \
-v "$PWD/config/elasticsearch.yml":/usr/share/elasticsearch/config/elasticsearch.yml \
elasticsearch
Hibernate Search expects an Elasticsearch node version 2.0 at least. 5.0 is not supported yet. Hibernate Search internal tests run against Elasticsearch 2.4.4.
In addition to the usual dependencies like Hibernate ORM and Hibernate Search,
you will need the new hibernate-search-elasticsearch
jar.
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-search-elasticsearch</artifactId>
<version>5.6.6.Final</version>
</dependency>
Hibernate Search can work with an Elasticsearch server without altering its configuration.
However some features offered by Hibernate Search require specific configuration:
purgeAllOnStart
enabled - which is enabled by default -, or to use FullTextSession.purge()
or FullTextSession.purgeAll()
,
install the delete-by-query
pluginlang-groovy
plugin,
see Elasticsearch Spatial queriesindex.max_result_window
property (default is 10000).Configuration is minimal.
Add the configuration properties to your persistence.xml
or where you put the rest of your Hibernate Search configuration.
hibernate.search.default.indexmanager elasticsearch
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.host http://127.0.0.1:9200
(default)
You may also select multiple hosts (separated by whitespace characters), so that they are assigned requests in turns (load balancing):
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.host http://es1.mycompany.com:9200 http://es2.mycompany.com:9200
In the example above, the first request will go to es1
, the second to es2
, the third to es1
, and so on.
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.username ironman
(default is empty, meaning anonymous access)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.password j@rV1s
(default is empty)
If you used HTTP instead of HTTPS in any of the Elasticsearch host URLs (see above), your password will be transmitted in clear text over the network.
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.index_schema_management_strategy CREATE
(default)
Let’s see the options for the index_schema_management_strategy
property:
Value | Definition |
---|---|
| The index, its mappings and the analyzer definitions will not be created, deleted nor altered. Hibernate Search will not even check that the index already exists. |
| The index, its mappings and analyzer definitions will be checked for conflicts with Hibernate Search’s metamodel. The index, its mappings and analyzer definitions will not be created, deleted nor altered. |
| The index, its mappings and analyzer definitions will be created, existing mappings will be updated if there are no conflicts. + Caution: if analyzer definitions have to be updated, the index will be closed automatically during the update. |
| The default: an existing index will not be altered, a missing index will be created along with their mappings and analyzer definitions. |
| Indexes will be deleted if existing and then created along with their mappings and analyzer definitions. This will delete all content from the indexes! |
| Similarly to |
It is strongly recommended to use either NONE
or VALIDATE
in a production environment. RECREATE
and RECREATE_DELETE
are obviously unsuitable in this context (unless you want to reindex everything upon every startup), and MERGE
may leave your mapping half-merged in case of conflict.
To be precise, if your mapping changed in an incompatible way, such as a field having its type changed, merging may be impossible. In this case, the MERGE
strategy will prevent Hibernate Search from starting, but it may already have successfully merged another index, making a rollback difficult at best.
Also, when updating analyzer definitions, Hibernate Search will stop the affected indexes during the update.
This means the MERGE
strategy should be used with caution when multiple clients use Elasticsearch indexes managed by Hibernate Search:
those clients should be synchronized in such a way that while Hibernate Search is starting, no other client tries to use the index.
For these reasons, migrating your mapping should be considered a part of your deployment process and be planned cautiously.
Mapping validation is as permissive as possible. Fields or mappings that are unknown to Hibernate Search will be ignored, and settings that are more powerful than required (e.g. a field annotated with @Field(index = Index.NO)
in Search but marked as "index": analyzed
in Elasticsearch) will be deemed valid.
One exception should be noted, though: date formats must match exactly the formats specified by Hibernate Search, due to implementation constraints.
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.connection_timeout 3000
(default)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.read_timeout 60000
(default)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.max_total_connection 20
(default)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.max_total_connection_per_route 2
(default)true
or false
)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.discovery.enabled false
(default)
When using automatic discovery, the Elasticsearch client will periodically probe for new nodes in the cluster,
and will add those to the server list (see host
above).
Similarly, the client will periodically check whether registered servers still respond,
and will remove them from the server list if they don’t.
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.discovery.refresh_interval 10
(default)
This setting will only be taken into account if automatic discovery is enabled (see above).
http
or https
)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.discovery.default_scheme http
(default)
This setting will only be taken into account if automatic discovery is enabled (see above).
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.index_management_wait_timeout 10000
(default)
This value must be lower than the read timeout (see above).
hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.required_index_status green
(default)
Only operate if the index is at this level or safer.
In development, set this value to yellow
if the number of nodes started is below the number of expected replicas.
true
or false
)hibernate.search.default.elasticsearch.refresh_after_write false
(default)
This is useful in unit tests to ensure that a write is visible by a query immediately without delay.
This keeps unit tests simpler and faster.
But you should not rely on the synchronous behaviour for your production code.
Leave at false
for optimal performance of your Elasticsearch cluster.
hibernate.search.elasticsearch.scroll_backtracking_window_size 10000
(default)hibernate.search.elasticsearch.scroll_fetch_size 1000
(default)ScrollableResults
will be usable if no other results are fetched from Elasticsearch, in secondshibernate.search.elasticsearch.scroll_timeout 60
(default)Properties prefixed with hibernate.search.default
can be given globally as shown above and/or be given for specific indexes:
hibernate.search.someindex.elasticsearch.index_schema_management_strategy MERGE
This excludes properties related to the internal Elasticsearch client, which at the moment is common to every index manager (but this will change in a future version).
Excluded properties are host
, username
, password
, read_timeout
, connection_timeout
, max_total_connection
, max_total_connection_per_route
, discovery.enabled
, discovery.refresh_interval
and discovery.scheme
.
Like in Lucene embedded mode, indexes are transparently updated when you create or update entities mapped to Hibernate Search. Simply use familiar annotations from Chapter 4, Mapping entities to the index structure.
The name of the index will be the lowercased name provided to @Indexed
(non qualified class name by default).
Hibernate Search will map the fully qualified class name to the Elasticsearch type.
The org.hibernate.search.annotations.Field
annotation allows you to provide a replacement value for null properties through the indexNullAs
attribute (see Section 4.1.1.2, “@Field”), but this value must be provided as a string.
In order for your value to be understood by Hibernate Search (and Elasticsearch), the provided string must follow one of those formats:
Double.parseDouble
, Integer.parseInteger
, etc., depending on the actual type of your field.true
or false
.For dates (java.util.Calendar
, java.util.Date
, java.time.*
), use the ISO-8601 format.
The full format is yyyy-MM-dd’T’HH:mm:ss.nZ[ZZZ]
(for instance 2016-11-26T16:41:00.006+01:00[CET]
).
Please keep in mind that part of this format must be left out depending on the type of your field, though.
For a java.time.LocalDateTime
field, for instance,
the provided string must not include the zone offset (+01:00
) or the zone ID ([UTC]
), because those don’t make sense.
Even when they make sense for the type of your field, the time and time zone may be omitted (if omitted, the time zone will be interpreted as the default JVM time zone).
The org.hibernate.search.annotations.DynamicBoost
annotation is not (and cannot be) supported with Elasticsearch, because the platform lacks per-document, index-time boosting capabilities. Static boosts (@Boost
) are, however, supported.
Analyzers are treated differently than in Lucene embedded mode.
Using the definition
attribute in the @Analyzer
annotation, you can refer to the name of the
built-in Elasticsearch analyzer, or custom analyzers already registered on your Elasticsearch instances.
More information on analyzers, in particular those already built in Elasticsearch, can be found in the Elasticsearch documentation.
Example of custom analyzers defined in the elasticsearch.yml.
# Custom analyzer
index.analysis:
analyzer.custom-analyzer:
type: custom
tokenizer: standard
filter: [custom-filter, lowercase]
filter.custom-filter:
type : stop
stopwords : [test1, close]
From there, you can use the custom analyzers by name in your entity mappings.
Example of mapping that refers to custom and built-in analyzers on Elasticsearch.
@Entity
@Indexed(index = "tweet")
public class Tweet {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "english") // Elasticsearch built-in analyzer
private String englishTweet;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "whitespace") // Elasticsearch built-in analyzer
private String whitespaceTweet;
@Fields({
@Field(name = "tweetNotAnalyzed", analyzer = Analyze.NO, store = Store.YES),
// Custom analyzer
@Field(
name = "tweetWithCustom",
analyzer = @Analyzer(definition = "custom-analyzer")
)
})
private String multipleTweets;
}
You may also reference a built-in Lucene analyzer implementation using the @Analyzer.impl
attribute:
Hibernate Search will translate the implementation to an equivalent Elasticsearch built-in type, if possible.
Using the @Analyzer.impl
attribute is not recommended with Elasticsearch because it will
never allow you to take full advantage of Elasticsearch analysis capabilities.
You cannot, for instance, use custom analyzer implementations: only built-in Lucene implementations are supported.
It should only be used when migrating an application that already used Hibernate Search, moving from an embedded Lucene instance to an Elasticsearch cluster.
Example of mapping that refers to a built-in analyzer on Elasticsearch using a Lucene implementation class.
@Entity
@Indexed(index = "tweet")
public class Tweet {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field
@Analyzer(impl = EnglishAnalyzer.class) // Elasticsearch built-in "english" analyzer
private String englishTweet;
@Field
@Analyzer(impl = WhitespaceAnalyzer.class) // Elasticsearch built-in "whitespace" analyzer
private String whitespaceTweet;
}
You can also define analyzers within your Hibernate Search mapping using the @AnalyzerDef
annotation,
like you would do with an embedded Lucene instance.
When Hibernate Search creates the Elasticsearch indexes, the relevant definitions will then be automatically added as a
custom analyzer
in the index settings.
Two different approaches allow you to define your analyzers with Elasticsearch.
The first, recommended approach is to use the factories provided by the hibernate-search-elasticsearch
module:
org.hibernate.search.elasticsearch.analyzer.ElasticsearchCharFilterFactory
org.hibernate.search.elasticsearch.analyzer.ElasticsearchTokenFilterFactory
org.hibernate.search.elasticsearch.analyzer.ElasticsearchTokenizerFactory
Those classes can be passed to the factory
attribute of
the @CharFilterDef
, @TokenFilterDef
and @TokenizerDef
annotations.
The params
attribute may be used to define the type
parameter and any other parameter
accepted by Elasticsearch for this type.
The parameter values will be interpreted as JSON. The parser is not strict, though:
You may use the name
attribute of the @CharFilterDef
, @TokenFilterDef
and @TokenizerDef
annotations
to define the exact name to give to that definition in the Elasticsearch settings.
Example of mapping that defines analyzers on Elasticsearch using the Elasticsearch*Factory
types.
@Entity
@Indexed(index = "tweet")
@AnalyzerDefs(
@AnalyzerDef(
name = "tweet_analyzer",
charFilters = {
@CharFilterDef(
name = "custom_html_strip",
factory = ElasticsearchCharFilterFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "type", value = "'html_strip'"),
// One can use Json arrays
@Parameter(name = "escaped_tags", value = "['br', 'p']")
}
),
@CharFilterDef(
name = "p_br_as_space",
factory = ElasticsearchCharFilterFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "type", value = "'pattern_replace'"),
@Parameter(name = "pattern", value = "'<p/?>|<br/?>'"),
@Parameter(name = "replacement", value = "' '"),
@Parameter(name = "tags", value = "'CASE_INSENSITIVE'")
}
)
},
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(
factory = ElasticsearchTokenizerFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "type", value = "'whitespace'"),
}
)
)
)
public class Tweet {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "tweet_analyzer")
private String content;
}
The second approach is to configure everything as if you were using Lucene: use the Lucene factories, their parameter names, and format the parameter values as required in Lucene. Hibernate Search will automatically convert these definitions to the Elasticsearch equivalent.
Referencing Lucene factories is not recommended with Elasticsearch because it will never allow you to take full advantage of Elasticsearch analysis capabilities.
Here are the known limitations of the automatic translation:
hyphenator
parameter for HyphenatedWordsFilterFactory
must refer to
a file on the Elasticsearch servers, on the contrary to other factories
where the files are accessed by Hibernate Search directly.
This is due to an Elasticsearch limitation
(there is no way to forward the content of a local hyphenation pattern file).HunspellStemFilterFactory
.Therefore, Lucene factories should only be referenced within analyzer definitions when migrating an application that already used Hibernate Search, moving from an embedded Lucene instance to an Elasticsearch cluster.
Example of mapping that defines analyzers on Elasticsearch using Lucene factories.
@Entity
@Indexed(index = "tweet")
@AnalyzerDefs(
@AnalyzerDef(
name = "tweet_analyzer",
charFilters = {
@CharFilterDef(
name = "custom_html_strip",
factory = HTMLStripCharFilterFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "escapedTags", value = "br,p")
}
),
@CharFilterDef(
name = "p_br_as_space",
factory = PatternReplaceCharFilterFactory.class,
params = {
@Parameter(name = "pattern", value = "<p/?>|<br/?>"),
@Parameter(name = "replacement", value = " ")
}
)
},
tokenizer = @TokenizerDef(
factory = WhitespaceTokenizerFactory.class
)
)
)
public class Tweet {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Integer id;
@Field
@Analyzer(definition = "tweet_analyzer")
private String content;
}
You can write custom field bridges and class bridges.
For class bridges and field bridges creating multiple fields,
make sure to make your bridge implementation also implement the MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
contract.
Creating sub-fields in custom field bridges is not supported.
You create a sub-field when your MetadataProvidingFieldBridge
registers a field whose name is the name of an existing field, with a dot and another string appended, like name + ".mySubField"
.
This lack of support is due to Elasticsearch not allowing a field to have multiple types. In the example above, the field would have both the object
datatype and whatever datatype the original field has (string
in the most common case).
As an alternative, you may append a suffix to the original field name in order to create a sibling field, e.g. use name + "_mySubField"
or name + "_more.mySubField"
instead of name + ".mySubField"
.
This limitation is true in particular for field bridges applied to the @DocumentId
: fields added to the document must not be in the form name + ".mySubField"
, in order to avoid mapping conflicts with the ID field.
/**
* Used as class-level bridge for creating the "firstName" and "middleName" document and doc value fields.
*/
public static class FirstAndMiddleNamesFieldBridge implements MetadataProvidingFieldBridge {
@Override
public void set(String name, Object value, Document document, LuceneOptions luceneOptions) {
Explorer explorer = (Explorer) value;
String firstName = explorer.getNameParts().get( "firstName" );
luceneOptions.addFieldToDocument( name + "_firstName", firstName, document );
document.add( new SortedDocValuesField( name + "_firstName", new BytesRef( firstName ) ) );
String middleName = explorer.getNameParts().get( "middleName" );
luceneOptions.addFieldToDocument( name + "_middleName", middleName, document );
document.add( new SortedDocValuesField( name + "_middleName", new BytesRef( middleName ) ) );
}
@Override
public void configureFieldMetadata(String name, FieldMetadataBuilder builder) {
builder
.field( name + "_firstName", FieldType.STRING )
.sortable( true )
.field( name + "_middleName", FieldType.STRING )
.sortable( true );
}
}
This interface and FieldBridge
in general are likely going to evolve in the next major version of Hibernate Search
to remove its adherence to Lucene specific classes like Document
.
If your metadata processors create fields with a different name from the one passed as a parameter, make sure to make your processor also implement the MetadataProvidingTikaMetadataProcessor
contract.
You can write queries like you usually do in Hibernate Search: native Lucene queries and DSL queries (see Chapter 5, Querying). We do automatically translate the most common types of Apache Lucene queries and all queries generated by the Hibernate Search DSL except more like this (see below).
Queries written via the DSL work. Open a JIRA otherwise.
The notable exception is more like this queries. Hibernate Search has a more advanced algorithm than Lucene (or Elasticsearch/Solr) which is not easily portable with what Elasticsearch exposes.
If you need this feature, contact us.
On top of translating Lucene queries, you can directly create Elasticsearch queries by using either its String format or a JSON format:
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
QueryDescriptor query = ElasticsearchQueries.fromQueryString("title:tales");
List<?> result = fullTextSession.createFullTextQuery(query, ComicBook.class).list();
FullTextSession fullTextSession = Search.getFullTextSession(session);
QueryDescriptor query = ElasticsearchQueries.fromJson(
"{ 'query': { 'match' : { 'lastName' : 'Brand' } } }");
List<?> result = session.createFullTextQuery(query, GolfPlayer.class).list();
By default Elasticsearch interprets the date/time strings lacking the time zone as if they were represented using the UTC time zone. If overlooked, this can cause your native Elasticsearch queries to be completely off.
The simplest way to avoid issues is to always explicitly provide time zones IDs or offsets when building native Elasticsearch queries. This may be achieved either by directly adding the time zone ID or offset in date strings, or by using the time_zone
parameter (range queries only). See Elasticsearch documentation for more information.
The Elasticsearch integration supports spatial queries by using either the DSL or native Elasticsearch queries.
For regular usage, there are no particular requirements for spatial support.
However, if you want to calculate the distance from your entities to a point without sorting by the distance to this point, you need to enable the Groovy plugin by adding the following snippet to your Elasticsearch configuration:
Enabling Groovy support in your elasticsearch.yml.
script.engine.groovy.inline.search: on
You may handle large result sets in two different ways, with different limitations.
For (relatively) smaller result sets, you may use the traditional offset/limit querying provided by the FullTextQuery
interfaces: setFirstResult(int)
and setMaxResults(int)
.
Limitations:
index.max_result_window
property in Elasticsearch’s settings.If your result set is bigger, you may take advantage of scrolling by using the scroll
method on org.hibernate.search.FullTextQuery
.
Limitations:
org.hibernate.search.jpa.FullTextQuery
.setFirstResult(int)
has been called on the query before calling scroll()
).
This is because Elasticsearch does not provide such feature, thus Hibernate Search has to scroll through every previous result under the hood.scrollableResults.setRowNumber(4)
when currently positioned at index 1006
,
for example, may result in a SearchException
being thrown, because only 1000 previous elements had been kept in memory.
You may work this around by tweaking the property: hibernate.search.elasticsearch.scroll_backtracking_window_size
(see Elasticsearch integration configuration).ScrollableResults
will become stale and unusable after a given period of time spent without fetching results from Elasticsearch.
You may work this around by tweaking two properties: hibernate.search.elasticsearch.scroll_timeout
and hibernate.search.elasticsearch.scroll_fetch_size
(see Elasticsearch integration configuration).
Typically, you will solve timeout issues by reducing the fetch size and/or increasing the timeout limit, but this will also increase the performance hit on Elasticsearch.Sorting is performed the same way as with the Lucene backend.
If you happen to need an advanced Elasticsearch sorting feature that is not natively supported in SortField
or in Hibernate Search sort DSL, you may still create a sort from JSON, and even mix it with DSL-defined sorts:
QueryBuilder qb = fullTextSession.getSearchFactory()
.buildQueryBuilder().forEntity(Book.class).get();
Query luceneQuery = /* ... */;
FullTextQuery query = s.createFullTextQuery( luceneQuery, Book.class );
Sort sort = qb.sort()
.byNative( "authors.name", "{'order':'asc', 'mode': 'min'}" )
.andByField("title")
.createSort();
query.setSort(sort);
List results = query.list();
All fields are stored by Elasticsearch in the JSON document it indexes,
there is no specific need to mark fields as stored when you want to project them.
The downside is that to project a field, Elasticsearch needs to read the whole JSON document.
If you want to avoid that, use the Store.YES
marker.
You can also retrieve the full JSON document by using org.hibernate.search.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.SOURCE
.
query = ftem.createFullTextQuery(
qb.keyword()
.onField( "tags" )
.matching( "round-based" )
.createQuery(),
VideoGame.class
)
.setProjection( ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.SCORE, ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.SOURCE );
projection = (Object[]) query.getSingleResult();
If you’re looking for information about execution time, you may also use org.hibernate.search.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.TOOK
and org.hibernate.search.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.TIMED_OUT
:
query = ftem.createFullTextQuery(
qb.keyword()
.onField( "tags" )
.matching( "round-based" )
.createQuery(),
VideoGame.class
)
.setProjection(
ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.SOURCE,
ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.TOOK,
ElasticsearchProjectionConstants.TIMED_OUT
);
projection = (Object[]) query.getSingleResult();
Integer took = (Integer) projection[1]; // Execution time (milliseconds)
Boolean timedOut = (Boolean) projection[2]; // Whether the query timed out
The Elasticsearch integration supports the definition of full text filters.
Your filters need to implement the ElasticsearchFilter
interface.
public class DriversMatchingNameElasticsearchFilter implements ElasticsearchFilter {
private String name;
public DriversMatchingNameElasticsearchFilter() {
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String getJsonFilter() {
return "{ 'term': { 'name': '" + name + "' } }";
}
}
You can then declare the filter in your entity.
@Entity
@Indexed
@FullTextFilterDefs({
@FullTextFilterDef(name = "namedDriver",
impl = DriversMatchingNameElasticsearchFilter.class)
})
public class Driver {
@Id
@DocumentId
private int id;
@Field(analyze = Analyze.YES)
private String name;
...
}
From then you can use it as usual.
ftQuery.enableFullTextFilter( "namedDriver" ).setParameter( "name", "liz" );
For static filters, you can simply extend the SimpleElasticsearchFilter
and provide an Elasticsearch filter in JSON form.
The optimization features documented in Chapter 7, Index Optimization are only partially implemented. That kind of optimization is rarely needed with recent versions of Lucene (on which Elasticsearch is based), but some of it is still provided for the very specific case of indexes meant to stay read-only for a long period of time:
searchFactory.optimize()
) is implemented.Not everything is implemented yet. Here is a list of known limitations.
Please check with JIRA and the mailing lists for updates, but at the time of writing this at least the following features are known to not work yet:
@IndexedEmbedded.indexNullAs
: HSEARCH-2389@AnalyzerDiscriminator
: HSEARCH-2428Depending on the Elasticsearch version you use, you may encounter bugs that are specific to that version. Here is a list of known Elasticsearch bugs, and what to do about it.
Mapping java.time.ZonedDateTime
won’t work with Elasticsearch 2.4.1 because of a JodaTime bug affecting Elasticsearch: HSEARCH-2414.
Fix: Upgrade to Elasticsearch 2.4.2.
More information about Elasticsearch can be found on the Elasticsearch website and its reference documentation.
Hibernate Search uses Jest to communicate with Elasticsearch.
Last but not least, a few pointers to further information. We highly recommend you to get a copy of Hibernate Search in Action. This excellent book covers Hibernate Search in much more depth than this online documentation can and has a great range of additional examples. If you want to increase your knowledge of Lucene we recommend Lucene in Action (Second Edition).
Because Hibernate Search’s functionality is tightly coupled to Hibernate ORM it is a good idea to understand Hibernate. Start with the online documentation or get hold of a copy of Java Persistence with Hibernate, Second Edition.
If you have any further questions regarding Hibernate Search or want to share some of your use cases have a look at the Hibernate Search Wiki and the Hibernate Search Forum. We are looking forward hearing from you.
In case you would like to report a bug use the Hibernate Search JIRA instance. Feedback is always welcome!