Put the message journal on its own physical volume. If the disk is shared with other processes e.g. transaction co-ordinator, database or other journals which are also reading and writing from it, then this may greatly reduce performance since the disk head may be skipping all over the place between the different files. One of the advantages of an append only journal is that disk head movement is minimised - this advantage is destroyed if the disk is shared. If you're using paging or large messages make sure they're ideally put on separate volumes too.

Minimum number of journal files. Set journal-min-files to a number of files that would fit your average sustainable rate. If you see new files being created on the journal data directory too often, i.e. lots of data is being persisted, you need to increase the minimal number of files, this way the journal would reuse more files instead of creating new data files.

Journal file size. The journal file size should be aligned to the capacity of a cylinder on the disk. The default value 10MiB should be enough on most systems.

Use AIO journal. If using Linux, try to keep your journal type as AIO. AIO will scale better than Java NIO.

Tune journal-buffer-timeout. The timeout can be increased to increase throughput at the expense of latency.

If you're running AIO you might be able to get some better performance by increasing journal-max-io. DO NOT change this parameter if you are running NIO.

Disable message id. Use the setDisableMessageID() method on the MessageProducer class to disable message ids if you don't need them. This decreases the size of the message and also avoids the overhead of creating a unique ID.

Disable message timestamp. Use the setDisableMessageTimeStamp() method on the MessageProducer class to disable message timestamps if you don't need them.

Avoid ObjectMessage. ObjectMessage is convenient but it comes at a cost. The body of a ObjectMessage uses Java serialization to serialize it to bytes. The Java serialized form of even small objects is very verbose so takes up a lot of space on the wire, also Java serialization is slow compared to custom marshalling techniques. Only use ObjectMessage if you really can't use one of the other message types, i.e. if you really don't know the type of the payload until run-time.

Avoid AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE. AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE mode requires an acknowledgement to be sent from the server for each message received on the client, this means more traffic on the network. If you can, use DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE or use CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE or a transacted session and batch up many acknowledgements with one acknowledge/commit.

Avoid durable messages. By default JMS messages are durable. If you don't really need durable messages then set them to be non-durable. Durable messages incur a lot more overhead in persisting them to storage.

Batch many sends or acknowledgements in a single transaction. HornetQ will only require a network round trip on the commit, not on every send or acknowledgement.

Use Asynchronous Send Acknowledgements. If you need to send durable messages non transactionally and you need a guarantee that they have reached the server by the time the call to send() returns, don't set durable messages to be sent blocking, instead use asynchronous send acknowledgements to get your acknowledgements of send back in a separate stream, see Chapter 20, Guarantees of sends and commits for more information on this.

Use pre-acknowledge mode. With pre-acknowledge mode, messages are acknowledged before they are sent to the client. This reduces the amount of acknowledgement traffic on the wire. For more information on this, see Chapter 29, Extra Acknowledge Modes.

Disable security. You may get a small performance boost by disabling security by setting the security-enabled parameter to false in hornetq-configuration.xml.

Disable persistence. If you don't need message persistence, turn it off altogether by setting persistence-enabled to false in hornetq-configuration.xml.

Sync transactions lazily. Setting journal-sync-transactional to false in hornetq-configuration.xml can give you better transactional persistent performance at the expense of some possibility of loss of transactions on failure. See Chapter 20, Guarantees of sends and commits for more information.

Sync non transactional lazily. Setting journal-sync-non-transactional to false in hornetq-configuration.xml can give you better non-transactional persistent performance at the expense of some possibility of loss of durable messages on failure. See Chapter 20, Guarantees of sends and commits for more information.

Send messages non blocking. Setting block-on-durable-send and block-on-non-durable-send to false in hornetq-jms.xml (if you're using JMS and JNDI) or directly on the ServerLocator. This means you don't have to wait a whole network round trip for every message sent. See Chapter 20, Guarantees of sends and commits for more information.

If you have very fast consumers, you can increase consumer-window-size. This effectively disables consumer flow control.

Socket NIO vs Socket Old IO. By default HornetQ uses old (blocking) on the server and the client side (see the chapter on configuring transports for more information Chapter 16, Configuring the Transport). NIO is much more scalable but can give you some latency hit compared to old blocking IO. If you need to be able to service many thousands of connections on the server, then you should make sure you're using NIO on the server. However, if don't expect many thousands of connections on the server you can keep the server acceptors using old IO, and might get a small performance advantage.

Use the core API not JMS. Using the JMS API you will have slightly lower performance than using the core API, since all JMS operations need to be translated into core operations before the server can handle them. If using the core API try to use methods that take SimpleString as much as possible. SimpleString, unlike java.lang.String does not require copying before it is written to the wire, so if you re-use SimpleString instances between calls then you can avoid some unnecessary copying.

TCP buffer sizes. If you have a fast network and fast machines you may get a performance boost by increasing the TCP send and receive buffer sizes. See the Chapter 16, Configuring the Transport for more information on this.

Increase limit on file handles on the server. If you expect a lot of concurrent connections on your servers, or if clients are rapidly opening and closing connections, you should make sure the user running the server has permission to create sufficient file handles.

This varies from operating system to operating system. On Linux systems you can increase the number of allowable open file handles in the file /etc/security/limits.conf e.g. add the lines

serveruser     soft    nofile  20000
serveruser     hard    nofile  20000

This would allow up to 20000 file handles to be open by the user serveruser.

Use batch-delay and set direct-deliver to false for the best throughput for very small messages. HornetQ comes with a preconfigured connector/acceptor pair (netty-throughput) in hornetq-configuration.xml and JMS connection factory (ThroughputConnectionFactory) in hornetq-jms.xmlwhich can be used to give the very best throughput, especially for small messages. See the Chapter 16, Configuring the Transport for more information on this.

Garbage collection. For smooth server operation we recommend using a parallel garbage collection algorithm, e.g. using the JVM argument -XX:+UseParallelGC on Sun JDKs.

Memory settings. Give as much memory as you can to the server. HornetQ can run in low memory by using paging (described in Chapter 24, Paging) but if it can run with all queues in RAM this will improve performance. The amount of memory you require will depend on the size and number of your queues and the size and number of your messages. Use the JVM arguments -Xms and -Xmx to set server available RAM. We recommend setting them to the same high value.

Aggressive options. Different JVMs provide different sets of JVM tuning parameters, for the Sun Hotspot JVM the full list of options is available here. We recommend at least using -XX:+AggressiveOpts and -XX:+UseFastAccessorMethods. You may get some mileage with the other tuning parameters depending on your OS platform and application usage patterns.

Re-use connections / sessions / consumers / producers. Probably the most common messaging anti-pattern we see is users who create a new connection/session/producer for every message they send or every message they consume. This is a poor use of resources. These objects take time to create and may involve several network round trips. Always re-use them.

Avoid fat messages. Verbose formats such as XML take up a lot of space on the wire and performance will suffer as result. Avoid XML in message bodies if you can.

Don't create temporary queues for each request. This common anti-pattern involves the temporary queue request-response pattern. With the temporary queue request-response pattern a message is sent to a target and a reply-to header is set with the address of a local temporary queue. When the recipient receives the message they process it then send back a response to the address specified in the reply-to. A common mistake made with this pattern is to create a new temporary queue on each message sent. This will drastically reduce performance. Instead the temporary queue should be re-used for many requests.

Don't use Message-Driven Beans for the sake of it. As soon as you start using MDBs you are greatly increasing the codepath for each message received compared to a straightforward message consumer, since a lot of extra application server code is executed. Ask yourself do you really need MDBs? Can you accomplish the same task using just a normal message consumer?